Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HSCI 120 > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who created handbooks for sex

A

Emperor Huang-ti

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what was the ideology of the Middle Ages

A

sex should be for procreation only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what sexual health development occurred in 1677

A

seminal fluid carried millions of sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what sexual health development occurred in 1827

A

the female egg was discovered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what sexual health development occurred in 1876

A

conception was discovered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how was conception discovered

A

through sea urchins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what were the main ideas theorized by Charles Darwin

A

sexual selection, evolutionary theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what was the main ideas theorized by Sigmund Freud

A

psychoanalytic theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is sexology

A

the scientific study of human sexuality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does sexology include

A

anatomy and physiology, sexual development of individual, gender and sexual identity, norms function and behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does scientific theories in studies of sexuality do

A

help organize, correct and generate knowledge, help to communicate about sexuality, are not static truths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what type of statement is a hypothesis

A

if/then

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how can we study sex

A

through research in psychology, health sciences, criminology, gender studies, sociology, and anthropology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is essentialism

A

for any entity there are a set of attributes that are necessary for its identity and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the attributes of essentialism

A

natural, inevitable, and biologically determined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is social constructionism

A

the idea that culture and surroundings shape the meaning and understanding of identities and experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are sexual scripts

A

learned and predictable actions that lead to sexual encounters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the benefit of changing the metaphor for sex

A

Using the metaphor of pizza for sexual activity could create education that invites people to think about their own desires, to make deliberate decisions about what they want, to talk about it with their partners

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is psychodynamic theory

A

the idea that both conscious and unconscious forces that shape human personality, motivation, and behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the pros of psychodynamic theory

A

first theory to emphasize the importance of childhood experience in personality development, provides a therapeutic approach to help those with psychological problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the cons of psychodynamic Theory

A

overemphasis on sex particularly from Male perspective, flawed clinical data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the four learning theories

A

classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning theory, and social exchange theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what did Ivan Pavlov discover

A

that pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus will, over time, result in a conditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is classical conditioning used for

A

therapeutically helping to extinguish an unwanted fetish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what was Darly Bem’s theory

A

exotic becomes erotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the exotic becomes erotic theory

A

sexual orientation is not innate but learned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what did B.F. Skinner discover

A

operant conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

an individual’s behaviour is modified by its consequences or the reinforces that he or she receives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is positive reinforcement

A

an individual will be more likely to repeat a behaviour when they are rewarded in some way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is negative reinforcement

A

something uncomfortable or otherwise unpleasant is taken away in response to a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is primary reinforces

A

a powerful reward that is intrinsically satisfying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is an example of primary reinforces

A

sex and food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what came from Julian Rotter and Albert Bandura’s research

A

Social Learning Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what does social learning theory explain

A

things such as sexual development in adolescents and young adults, contraception use, and coercive sexual behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is sexual self-efficacy

A

the belief that on is sexually competent and capable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is cognitive theories

A

they attempt to understand human behaviours by focusing on thought processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what does cognitive theory explain

A

a number of sexual problems and patterns of sexual behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is genetic theory

A

the role that genes play in influence behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

in what ways do genetic influence sexuality

A

hormone production, reproductive cycles, sexual orientation, conception, genetic disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is sociobiological theory

A

uses evolutionary biology to explain social behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

how is sexual selection and natural selection related?

A

intersexual competition, and intersexual selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what are the five social constructionist theories of sexuality

A

feminist theory, queer theory, social script theory, ecological model, and sociological theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what was the Middle Ages of belief of anatomy

A

men and women have same sexual anatomy, but its external for men, and internal for women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

who stated “If this bone did not exist, the penis in meeting resistance would turn backwards and would often enter more into the body of the operator than into that of the operated.”

A

Leonardo da Vinci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what is derived from gonadal primoridum

A

both the testes and ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is dependent on the endocrine environment during development

A

primary sexual characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what are the two types of ducts

A

wolfian duct and mullerian duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

how can an individual be forced into male or female development

A

hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what does the wolffian duct develop into

A

epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, and ejaculatory duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what is another word for Wolffian duct

A

mesonephric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what does the Müllerian duct develop into

A

fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper part of vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what is another word for Müllerian duct

A

paramesonephric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

how occurs to the wolffian duct without hormonal stimulation

A

regresses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

in males, what does the gonadal primordial do?

A

begins to secrete testosterone and anti-mullerian hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what is AMH

A

anti-mullerian hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what can prevent Müllerian ducts from degenerating

A

Estradiol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is testosterone converted to

A

DHT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what is DHT

A

dihydrotestosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

how is testosterone converted to DHT

A

by enzyme 5a-reducatse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what occurs when testosterone is converted to DHT

A

DHT influences the development of the external genitalia, the genital tubercle becomes the penis, the genital folds become the shaft, the genital swellings becomes the scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what occurs without DHT

A

external genitlia are feminized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what happens when external genitalia are feminized

A

the genital tubercle becomes the clitoris, the genital folds become the labia minor, and the genital swelling becomes the labia majora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what triggers differential development in the brain

A

circulating levels of androgens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what are primary sexual characteristics

A

sex organs, along with the associated ducts and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

what are the primary sexual characteristics in women

A

vagina, uterus (internal); clitoris, labia (external)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

what are the primary sexual characteristics in men

A

corpus cavernosa prostate (internal); phallus, scrotum (external)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

what are secondary sexual characteristics

A

structures which enhance production but are not necessarily required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

what are the secondary sexual characteristics in women

A

breasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

what are the secondary sexual characteristics in men

A

facial hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

what are the female external genitals

A

mons pubis, perineum, labia majora, vulvar vestibule, vaginal opening, clitoris, pubic hair, labia minora, urethral opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

what is a labiaplasty

A

surgical alteration of the labia minora to make it plumper, symmetrical, and or smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

what are the female internal genitalia

A

vagina, bartholin glands, vestibular bulbs, cervix, ovaries, uterus, Fallopian tubes, Skene’s glands (paraurethral glands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

what are the three vaginal layers

A

vaginal mucosa, middle/muscular layer, and fibrous layer

74
Q

what does the vaginal mucosa do

A

maintains a healthy moisture and pH level via secretions

75
Q

what does the middle/muscular layer do

A

muscles contract during sex and drug orgasm

76
Q

what does the fibrous layer do

A

anchors the vagina in the pelvic girdle, provides elastic resistance

77
Q

what are the layers of the uterus

A

endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium

78
Q

what does the endometrium do?

A

hormone secreting glands and blood vessels; shed during menstruation

79
Q

what does the myometrium do

A

muscular layer accommodates change in uterine shape during pregnancy

80
Q

what does the perimetrium do

A

thin, smooth membrane encapsulates the uterus

81
Q

what is the Grafenberg Spot

A

highly sensitive area of the front wall of the vagina about 5cms from the vaginal opening

82
Q

what are the two parts of the ovaries

A

egg production, endocrine glands

83
Q

what does the endocrine glands produce

A

estrogens (estradiol and progestins)

84
Q

what is the length of the Fallopian tubes

A

10 cm long

85
Q

where does fertilization occur

A

in the infundibulum

86
Q

what is an ectopic pregnancy

A

egg implants in the fallopian tubes, the vagina, or abdominal cavity

87
Q

what are the external male genitalia

A

penis glans, foreskin, shaft, root, scrotum

88
Q

what are the pros of circumcision

A

decrease in infant UTI, STIs, adult penile cancer and prevents phimosis

89
Q

what are the internal male genitalia

A

Corpus cavernosa
Urethra
Dartos muscle
Epididymis
Seminal vesicles
Cowper’s glands
Corpus spongiosum
Testes
Seminiferous tubules
Vas deferens
Prostate gland

90
Q

what muscles make up the penis

A

3 cylindrical spongy bodies

91
Q

what is the corpora cavernosa

A

two cylinders covered with a fibrous sleeve that pulls tight when filled with blood

92
Q

what is a corpus spongiosum

A

a cylinder that remains soft and spongy during erection

93
Q

what runs through the corpus spongiosum

A

the urethra

94
Q

where are the seminiferous tubules

A

packed inside the testes

95
Q

what does the seminiferous tubules produce

A

spermatogenesis

96
Q

where are interstitial cells located

A

between the tubules

97
Q

what is the purpose of seminal fluids

A

The alkalinity of fluid serves to neutralize the normally acidic environment in the distal urethra and in the vagina

98
Q

what makes up semen

A

sperm and seminal fluid

99
Q

what is the purpose of semen

A

to serve as a transport medium for the sperm

100
Q

what are Masters and Johnson credited as

A

the first researchers to investigate sexual response cycle

101
Q

what are the two fundamental process of sexual response

A

myotonia (muscle tension) and vasocengestion (swelling; pooling of blood)

102
Q

what is the phases in the sexual response cycle

A

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

103
Q

what is a sexual response only found in males

A

refractory period during resolution stage

104
Q

what are the health benefits of orgasms

A

pain relief, lower cancer rate, mood enhancement, longer life, less heart disease

105
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

collection of glands that secret hormone in order to regulate metabolism, growth and development, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, etc

106
Q

what are hormones

A

chemical messengers within the Body

107
Q

what produces hormones

A

glands

108
Q

what are gonads

A

glands where gametes are produced

109
Q

what is a gamete

A

reproductive cell with half the number of chromosomes

110
Q

what are adrenal glands

A

endocrine glands that secrete sex hormones, stress hormones, and the catecholamines

111
Q

what does the anterior pituitary gland do

A

synthesizes and secretes growth hormone (GH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

112
Q

what hormones do the hypothalamus produce

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Dopamine
growth hormone releasing hormone
Somatostatin
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Corticotropin- releasing hormone
Oxytocin
vasopressin

113
Q

what hormones does the Thyroid produce

A

Triiodothyronine
Thyroxine

114
Q

what does the pineal gland produce

A

melatonin

115
Q

what does the anterior pituitary gland produce

A

Growth hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Prolactin

116
Q

what does the intermediate pituitary gland produce

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone

117
Q

what does the posterior pituitary glands produce

A

Oxytocin
Vasopressin
Storing oxytocin
Anti- diuretic
Storing hormone

118
Q

what is HPG

A

hypothalamic pituitary gonadal

119
Q

what does LH release in males

A

testosterone

120
Q

what does the LH and FSH do in males

A

signals the tests

121
Q

what does FSH do in males

A

sends seminiferous tubules to sunstentacular cells

122
Q

what does the GRH do in females

A

signals the pituitary gland

123
Q

what does the FSH do in females

A

stimulates the developing follicle

124
Q

what does the LH and FSH do in females

A

signals the ovaries

125
Q

what is oxytocin

A

hormone that stimulates uterine contractions in childbirth and lactation

126
Q

what is vasopressin

A

hormone to regulate blood pressure

127
Q

what is apocrine glands

A

sweat glands

128
Q

what is a pheromone

A

hormone that induces a behaviour response during interactions

129
Q

what is perimenopause

A

the transitional period before menopause

130
Q

what is menopause

A

the point 12 months after a women’s last period

131
Q

what is genotype

A

genetic constitution of a organism; inherited

132
Q

what is Phenotype

A

the outward appearance or expression of a set of physical and behavioural traits determined by genotype and environment

133
Q

what is sex determined by

A

genes, chromosomes, hormones, and physiological traits

134
Q

what is gonadal sex

A

sex determined by the presence of female gonad or male gonads

135
Q

what is hormonal sex

A

sex determined by levels of estrogens and androgens

136
Q

what is turned syndrome

A

missing all or part of second X in karyotype

137
Q

what is Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

males who have XXY chromosomes instead of XY

138
Q

what causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

exposure before birth to high levels of androgens produced by the adrenal glands

139
Q

what is androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

individual with an XY karyotype but develop a female phenotype

140
Q

what is 5-alpha-reductase deficiency

A

enzyme deficiency means external genitals at birth are female, but puberty is masculine

141
Q

what occurred in the case of David Reimer

A

he as a young child had his penis irreversibly damaged in a circumsision accident

142
Q

what is gender

A

a social construct which affects the pyschological experience of masculinity and feminity

143
Q

what is Trans Identities

A

Individuals whose gender identification and self-presentation does not conform to gender categories are genderqueer

144
Q

what are the steps of transitioning

A

first stage is a psychological and physical evaluation, second involving living as target gender, third is hormone replacement, fourth sex reassignment surgery

145
Q

what are the four aspects of identity

A

biological sex, gender identity, gender expression, attraction

146
Q

what is gender queer

A

someone who rejects the two gender system

147
Q

what is gender expression

A

how one looks; often physical manifestation of one’s gender identity

148
Q

what is androgynous

A

gender expression that has elements of both masculinity and femininity

149
Q

what is cisgender

A

a person whose gender identity and biological sex assigned at birth align

150
Q

what is transgender

A

people whose sex gender identity and or gender expression do not match their sex assigned at birth

151
Q

what is transsexual

A

a person who lives and or identifies as a different sex from one assigned at birth

152
Q

what is intersex

A

someone whose combination of chromosomes, gonads, hormones, internal sex organs, and genitals differs from the two expected patterns of male or female

153
Q

what is sexual orientation

A

The type of sexual, romantic, emotional/spiritual attraction one feels for others

154
Q

what is heteronormativity

A

Idea that men and women are complementary pairs

155
Q

what is biphobia

A

a range of negative attitudes (ex. Fear, anger, intolerance, resentment, erasure, or discomfort) that one may have/express towards bisexual individuals. Biphobia can come from and be seen within the queer community as well as straight society.

156
Q

what is intersectionality

A

Social categorizations overlap and are interdependent systems resulting in discrimination or disadvantage.

157
Q

what is a field of eligibles

A

All the individuals who meet a person’s criteria as a potential romantic partner

158
Q

what theory is related to physical attractiveness

A

evolutionary theory

159
Q

what makes up human facial beauty

A

averageness, symmetry and parasite resistance

160
Q

what is the menstrual cycle effect

A

At different points in their menstrual cycles, women prefer different types of men

161
Q

what is the proximity effect

A

The theory that the closer you are to another person in geographical distance, the greater the probability that you will grow to like or love the person

162
Q

what is the idea of reciprocity

A

attraction breeds attraction

163
Q

what is homophily

A

we tend to associate with people who are similar to us in age, level of education, religious views, political views, and socioeconomic status

164
Q

what is assortative mating

A

commitment to partners who are similar to themselves

165
Q

why do opposites attract

A

People are attracted to individuals with dissimilar immune systems

166
Q

what is the five types of intimacy

A

emotional, social, sexual, intellectual, recreational

167
Q

what is love

A

a list of certain features such as Sexual attraction, desire, and trust

168
Q

what is passionate love

A

consists of intense longing, preconception with, and idealization of the loved one

169
Q

what is companionate love

A

consists of warmth and affection, based on deep friendship that is comfortable and trustable

170
Q

what is attachment theory

A

People seek out or avoid intimacy in different ways, Based on how individual views of the self and others shapes the style of attachment that individual will take

171
Q

what are the four styles of attachment

A

secure, preoccupied, dismissing, and fearful

172
Q

what does it mean to have love on the brain

A

Individuals who are intensely in love show increased activity in the reward and motivation center of the brain

173
Q

what in the Triangular Theory of Love

A

Three fundamental components of love that combine in various ways that lead to the different kinds of love we experience

174
Q

what are the seven components of love

A
  1. liking
  2. infatuation
  3. empty love
  4. romantic love
  5. fatuous love
  6. companionate love
  7. consumate love
175
Q

what are the three fundamental components of love

A

passion intimacy, commitment

176
Q

who created the triangular theory of love

A

Robert J. Sternbeg

177
Q

who developed the theory of love styles

A

John Lee

178
Q

what are the six major styles of love

A

eros, storge, ludus, pragma, mania, agape

179
Q

what is the two factor theory of love

A

This theory states that attraction is based on the interaction of both cognition and physiological arousal

180
Q

what are the four negative behaviours that predict relationship dissatisfaction

A

criticism, contempt, defensiveness, stonewalling

181
Q

what is normal jealousy

A

Jealous based on a real threat to the relationship, as when one partner discovers that the other has been sexually unfaithful

182
Q

what is pathological jealousy

A

Jealousy felt within one partner despite the fact that no threat exists

HSCI 120 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions