EXAM 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Who created handbooks for sex
A
Emperor Huang-ti
2
Q
what was the ideology of the Middle Ages
A
sex should be for procreation only
3
Q
what sexual health development occurred in 1677
A
seminal fluid carried millions of sperm
4
Q
what sexual health development occurred in 1827
A
the female egg was discovered
5
Q
what sexual health development occurred in 1876
A
conception was discovered
6
Q
how was conception discovered
A
through sea urchins
7
Q
what were the main ideas theorized by Charles Darwin
A
sexual selection, evolutionary theory
8
Q
what was the main ideas theorized by Sigmund Freud
A
psychoanalytic theory
9
Q
what is sexology
A
the scientific study of human sexuality
10
Q
what does sexology include
A
anatomy and physiology, sexual development of individual, gender and sexual identity, norms function and behaviour
11
Q
what does scientific theories in studies of sexuality do
A
help organize, correct and generate knowledge, help to communicate about sexuality, are not static truths
12
Q
what type of statement is a hypothesis
A
if/then
13
Q
how can we study sex
A
through research in psychology, health sciences, criminology, gender studies, sociology, and anthropology
14
Q
what is essentialism
A
for any entity there are a set of attributes that are necessary for its identity and function
15
Q
what are the attributes of essentialism
A
natural, inevitable, and biologically determined
16
Q
what is social constructionism
A
the idea that culture and surroundings shape the meaning and understanding of identities and experiences
17
Q
what are sexual scripts
A
learned and predictable actions that lead to sexual encounters
18
Q
what is the benefit of changing the metaphor for sex
A
Using the metaphor of pizza for sexual activity could create education that invites people to think about their own desires, to make deliberate decisions about what they want, to talk about it with their partners
19
Q
what is psychodynamic theory
A
the idea that both conscious and unconscious forces that shape human personality, motivation, and behaviour
20
Q
what are the pros of psychodynamic theory
A
first theory to emphasize the importance of childhood experience in personality development, provides a therapeutic approach to help those with psychological problems
21
Q
what are the cons of psychodynamic Theory
A
overemphasis on sex particularly from Male perspective, flawed clinical data
22
Q
what are the four learning theories
A
classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning theory, and social exchange theory
23
Q
what did Ivan Pavlov discover
A
that pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus will, over time, result in a conditioned response
24
Q
what is classical conditioning used for
A
therapeutically helping to extinguish an unwanted fetish
25
what was Darly Bem's theory
exotic becomes erotic
26
what is the exotic becomes erotic theory
sexual orientation is not innate but learned
27
what did B.F. Skinner discover
operant conditioning
28
what is operant conditioning
an individual's behaviour is modified by its consequences or the reinforces that he or she receives
29
what is positive reinforcement
an individual will be more likely to repeat a behaviour when they are rewarded in some way
30
what is negative reinforcement
something uncomfortable or otherwise unpleasant is taken away in response to a stimulus
31
what is primary reinforces
a powerful reward that is intrinsically satisfying
32
what is an example of primary reinforces
sex and food
33
what came from Julian Rotter and Albert Bandura's research
Social Learning Theory
34
what does social learning theory explain
things such as sexual development in adolescents and young adults, contraception use, and coercive sexual behaviours
35
what is sexual self-efficacy
the belief that on is sexually competent and capable
36
what is cognitive theories
they attempt to understand human behaviours by focusing on thought processes
37
what does cognitive theory explain
a number of sexual problems and patterns of sexual behaviour
38
what is genetic theory
the role that genes play in influence behaviour
39
in what ways do genetic influence sexuality
hormone production, reproductive cycles, sexual orientation, conception, genetic disorders
40
what is sociobiological theory
uses evolutionary biology to explain social behaviour
41
how is sexual selection and natural selection related?
intersexual competition, and intersexual selection
42
what are the five social constructionist theories of sexuality
feminist theory, queer theory, social script theory, ecological model, and sociological theory
43
what was the Middle Ages of belief of anatomy
men and women have same sexual anatomy, but its external for men, and internal for women
44
who stated “If this bone did not exist, the penis in meeting resistance would turn backwards and would often enter more into the body of the operator than into that of the operated.”
Leonardo da Vinci
45
what is derived from gonadal primoridum
both the testes and ovaries
46
what is dependent on the endocrine environment during development
primary sexual characteristics
47
what are the two types of ducts
wolfian duct and mullerian duct
48
how can an individual be forced into male or female development
hormones
49
what does the wolffian duct develop into
epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, and ejaculatory duct
50
what is another word for Wolffian duct
mesonephric
51
what does the Müllerian duct develop into
fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper part of vagina
52
what is another word for Müllerian duct
paramesonephric
53
how occurs to the wolffian duct without hormonal stimulation
regresses
54
in males, what does the gonadal primordial do?
begins to secrete testosterone and anti-mullerian hormone
55
what is AMH
anti-mullerian hormone
56
what can prevent Müllerian ducts from degenerating
Estradiol
57
What is testosterone converted to
DHT
58
what is DHT
dihydrotestosterone
59
how is testosterone converted to DHT
by enzyme 5a-reducatse
60
what occurs when testosterone is converted to DHT
DHT influences the development of the external genitalia, the genital tubercle becomes the penis, the genital folds become the shaft, the genital swellings becomes the scrotum
61
what occurs without DHT
external genitlia are feminized
62
what happens when external genitalia are feminized
the genital tubercle becomes the clitoris, the genital folds become the labia minor, and the genital swelling becomes the labia majora
63
what triggers differential development in the brain
circulating levels of androgens
64
what are primary sexual characteristics
sex organs, along with the associated ducts and glands
65
what are the primary sexual characteristics in women
vagina, uterus (internal); clitoris, labia (external)
66
what are the primary sexual characteristics in men
corpus cavernosa prostate (internal); phallus, scrotum (external)
67
what are secondary sexual characteristics
structures which enhance production but are not necessarily required
68
what are the secondary sexual characteristics in women
breasts
69
what are the secondary sexual characteristics in men
facial hair
70
what are the female external genitals
mons pubis, perineum, labia majora, vulvar vestibule, vaginal opening, clitoris, pubic hair, labia minora, urethral opening
71
what is a labiaplasty
surgical alteration of the labia minora to make it plumper, symmetrical, and or smaller
72
what are the female internal genitalia
vagina, bartholin glands, vestibular bulbs, cervix, ovaries, uterus, Fallopian tubes, Skene's glands (paraurethral glands)
73
what are the three vaginal layers
vaginal mucosa, middle/muscular layer, and fibrous layer
74
what does the vaginal mucosa do
maintains a healthy moisture and pH level via secretions
75
what does the middle/muscular layer do
muscles contract during sex and drug orgasm
76
what does the fibrous layer do
anchors the vagina in the pelvic girdle, provides elastic resistance
77
what are the layers of the uterus
endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium
78
what does the endometrium do?
hormone secreting glands and blood vessels; shed during menstruation
79
what does the myometrium do
muscular layer accommodates change in uterine shape during pregnancy
80
what does the perimetrium do
thin, smooth membrane encapsulates the uterus
81
what is the Grafenberg Spot
highly sensitive area of the front wall of the vagina about 5cms from the vaginal opening
82
what are the two parts of the ovaries
egg production, endocrine glands
83
what does the endocrine glands produce
estrogens (estradiol and progestins)
84
what is the length of the Fallopian tubes
10 cm long
85
where does fertilization occur
in the infundibulum
86
what is an ectopic pregnancy
egg implants in the fallopian tubes, the vagina, or abdominal cavity
87
what are the external male genitalia
penis glans, foreskin, shaft, root, scrotum
88
what are the pros of circumcision
decrease in infant UTI, STIs, adult penile cancer and prevents phimosis
89
what are the internal male genitalia
Corpus cavernosa
Urethra
Dartos muscle
Epididymis
Seminal vesicles
Cowper’s glands
Corpus spongiosum
Testes
Seminiferous tubules
Vas deferens
Prostate gland
90
what muscles make up the penis
3 cylindrical spongy bodies
91
what is the corpora cavernosa
two cylinders covered with a fibrous sleeve that pulls tight when filled with blood
92
what is a corpus spongiosum
a cylinder that remains soft and spongy during erection
93
what runs through the corpus spongiosum
the urethra
94
where are the seminiferous tubules
packed inside the testes
95
what does the seminiferous tubules produce
spermatogenesis
96
where are interstitial cells located
between the tubules
97
what is the purpose of seminal fluids
The alkalinity of fluid serves to neutralize the normally acidic environment in the distal urethra and in the vagina
98
what makes up semen
sperm and seminal fluid
99
what is the purpose of semen
to serve as a transport medium for the sperm
100
what are Masters and Johnson credited as
the first researchers to investigate sexual response cycle
101
what are the two fundamental process of sexual response
myotonia (muscle tension) and vasocengestion (swelling; pooling of blood)
102
what is the phases in the sexual response cycle
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
103
what is a sexual response only found in males
refractory period during resolution stage
104
what are the health benefits of orgasms
pain relief, lower cancer rate, mood enhancement, longer life, less heart disease
105
what is the endocrine system
collection of glands that secret hormone in order to regulate metabolism, growth and development, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, etc
106
what are hormones
chemical messengers within the Body
107
what produces hormones
glands
108
what are gonads
glands where gametes are produced
109
what is a gamete
reproductive cell with half the number of chromosomes
110
what are adrenal glands
endocrine glands that secrete sex hormones, stress hormones, and the catecholamines
111
what does the anterior pituitary gland do
synthesizes and secretes growth hormone (GH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
112
what hormones do the hypothalamus produce
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Dopamine
growth hormone releasing hormone
Somatostatin
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Corticotropin- releasing hormone
Oxytocin
vasopressin
113
what hormones does the Thyroid produce
Triiodothyronine
Thyroxine
114
what does the pineal gland produce
melatonin
115
what does the anterior pituitary gland produce
Growth hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Prolactin
116
what does the intermediate pituitary gland produce
melanocyte stimulating hormone
117
what does the posterior pituitary glands produce
Oxytocin
Vasopressin
Storing oxytocin
Anti- diuretic
Storing hormone
118
what is HPG
hypothalamic pituitary gonadal
119
what does LH release in males
testosterone
120
what does the LH and FSH do in males
signals the tests
121
what does FSH do in males
sends seminiferous tubules to sunstentacular cells
122
what does the GRH do in females
signals the pituitary gland
123
what does the FSH do in females
stimulates the developing follicle
124
what does the LH and FSH do in females
signals the ovaries
125
what is oxytocin
hormone that stimulates uterine contractions in childbirth and lactation
126
what is vasopressin
hormone to regulate blood pressure
127
what is apocrine glands
sweat glands
128
what is a pheromone
hormone that induces a behaviour response during interactions
129
what is perimenopause
the transitional period before menopause
130
what is menopause
the point 12 months after a women's last period
131
what is genotype
genetic constitution of a organism; inherited
132
what is Phenotype
the outward appearance or expression of a set of physical and behavioural traits determined by genotype and environment
133
what is sex determined by
genes, chromosomes, hormones, and physiological traits
134
what is gonadal sex
sex determined by the presence of female gonad or male gonads
135
what is hormonal sex
sex determined by levels of estrogens and androgens
136
what is turned syndrome
missing all or part of second X in karyotype
137
what is Klinefelter's syndrome
males who have XXY chromosomes instead of XY
138
what causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia
exposure before birth to high levels of androgens produced by the adrenal glands
139
what is androgen insensitivity syndrome
individual with an XY karyotype but develop a female phenotype
140
what is 5-alpha-reductase deficiency
enzyme deficiency means external genitals at birth are female, but puberty is masculine
141
what occurred in the case of David Reimer
he as a young child had his penis irreversibly damaged in a circumsision accident
142
what is gender
a social construct which affects the pyschological experience of masculinity and feminity
143
what is Trans Identities
Individuals whose gender identification and self-presentation does not conform to gender categories are genderqueer
144
what are the steps of transitioning
first stage is a psychological and physical evaluation, second involving living as target gender, third is hormone replacement, fourth sex reassignment surgery
145
what are the four aspects of identity
biological sex, gender identity, gender expression, attraction
146
what is gender queer
someone who rejects the two gender system
147
what is gender expression
how one looks; often physical manifestation of one's gender identity
148
what is androgynous
gender expression that has elements of both masculinity and femininity
149
what is cisgender
a person whose gender identity and biological sex assigned at birth align
150
what is transgender
people whose sex gender identity and or gender expression do not match their sex assigned at birth
151
what is transsexual
a person who lives and or identifies as a different sex from one assigned at birth
152
what is intersex
someone whose combination of chromosomes, gonads, hormones, internal sex organs, and genitals differs from the two expected patterns of male or female
153
what is sexual orientation
The type of sexual, romantic, emotional/spiritual attraction one feels for others
154
what is heteronormativity
Idea that men and women are complementary pairs
155
what is biphobia
a range of negative attitudes (ex. Fear, anger, intolerance, resentment, erasure, or discomfort) that one may have/express towards bisexual individuals. Biphobia can come from and be seen within the queer community as well as straight society.
156
what is intersectionality
Social categorizations overlap and are interdependent systems resulting in discrimination or disadvantage.
157
what is a field of eligibles
All the individuals who meet a person’s criteria as a potential romantic partner
158
what theory is related to physical attractiveness
evolutionary theory
159
what makes up human facial beauty
averageness, symmetry and parasite resistance
160
what is the menstrual cycle effect
At different points in their menstrual cycles, women prefer different types of men
161
what is the proximity effect
The theory that the closer you are to another person in geographical distance, the greater the probability that you will grow to like or love the person
162
what is the idea of reciprocity
attraction breeds attraction
163
what is homophily
we tend to associate with people who are similar to us in age, level of education, religious views, political views, and socioeconomic status
164
what is assortative mating
commitment to partners who are similar to themselves
165
why do opposites attract
People are attracted to individuals with dissimilar immune systems
166
what is the five types of intimacy
emotional, social, sexual, intellectual, recreational
167
what is love
a list of certain features such as Sexual attraction, desire, and trust
168
what is passionate love
consists of intense longing, preconception with, and idealization of the loved one
169
what is companionate love
consists of warmth and affection, based on deep friendship that is comfortable and trustable
170
what is attachment theory
People seek out or avoid intimacy in different ways, Based on how individual views of the self and others shapes the style of attachment that individual will take
171
what are the four styles of attachment
secure, preoccupied, dismissing, and fearful
172
what does it mean to have love on the brain
Individuals who are intensely in love show increased activity in the reward and motivation center of the brain
173
what in the Triangular Theory of Love
Three fundamental components of love that combine in various ways that lead to the different kinds of love we experience
174
what are the seven components of love
1. liking
2. infatuation
3. empty love
4. romantic love
5. fatuous love
6. companionate love
7. consumate love
175
what are the three fundamental components of love
passion intimacy, commitment
176
who created the triangular theory of love
Robert J. Sternbeg
177
who developed the theory of love styles
John Lee
178
what are the six major styles of love
eros, storge, ludus, pragma, mania, agape
179
what is the two factor theory of love
This theory states that attraction is based on the interaction of both cognition and physiological arousal
180
what are the four negative behaviours that predict relationship dissatisfaction
criticism, contempt, defensiveness, stonewalling
181
what is normal jealousy
Jealous based on a real threat to the relationship, as when one partner discovers that the other has been sexually unfaithful
182
what is pathological jealousy
Jealousy felt within one partner despite the fact that no threat exists
