EXAM 1 Flashcards
Who created handbooks for sex
Emperor Huang-ti
what was the ideology of the Middle Ages
sex should be for procreation only
what sexual health development occurred in 1677
seminal fluid carried millions of sperm
what sexual health development occurred in 1827
the female egg was discovered
what sexual health development occurred in 1876
conception was discovered
how was conception discovered
through sea urchins
what were the main ideas theorized by Charles Darwin
sexual selection, evolutionary theory
what was the main ideas theorized by Sigmund Freud
psychoanalytic theory
what is sexology
the scientific study of human sexuality
what does sexology include
anatomy and physiology, sexual development of individual, gender and sexual identity, norms function and behaviour
what does scientific theories in studies of sexuality do
help organize, correct and generate knowledge, help to communicate about sexuality, are not static truths
what type of statement is a hypothesis
if/then
how can we study sex
through research in psychology, health sciences, criminology, gender studies, sociology, and anthropology
what is essentialism
for any entity there are a set of attributes that are necessary for its identity and function
what are the attributes of essentialism
natural, inevitable, and biologically determined
what is social constructionism
the idea that culture and surroundings shape the meaning and understanding of identities and experiences
what are sexual scripts
learned and predictable actions that lead to sexual encounters
what is the benefit of changing the metaphor for sex
Using the metaphor of pizza for sexual activity could create education that invites people to think about their own desires, to make deliberate decisions about what they want, to talk about it with their partners
what is psychodynamic theory
the idea that both conscious and unconscious forces that shape human personality, motivation, and behaviour
what are the pros of psychodynamic theory
first theory to emphasize the importance of childhood experience in personality development, provides a therapeutic approach to help those with psychological problems
what are the cons of psychodynamic Theory
overemphasis on sex particularly from Male perspective, flawed clinical data
what are the four learning theories
classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning theory, and social exchange theory
what did Ivan Pavlov discover
that pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus will, over time, result in a conditioned response
what is classical conditioning used for
therapeutically helping to extinguish an unwanted fetish
what was Darly Bem’s theory
exotic becomes erotic
what is the exotic becomes erotic theory
sexual orientation is not innate but learned
what did B.F. Skinner discover
operant conditioning
what is operant conditioning
an individual’s behaviour is modified by its consequences or the reinforces that he or she receives
what is positive reinforcement
an individual will be more likely to repeat a behaviour when they are rewarded in some way
what is negative reinforcement
something uncomfortable or otherwise unpleasant is taken away in response to a stimulus
what is primary reinforces
a powerful reward that is intrinsically satisfying
what is an example of primary reinforces
sex and food
what came from Julian Rotter and Albert Bandura’s research
Social Learning Theory
what does social learning theory explain
things such as sexual development in adolescents and young adults, contraception use, and coercive sexual behaviours
what is sexual self-efficacy
the belief that on is sexually competent and capable
what is cognitive theories
they attempt to understand human behaviours by focusing on thought processes
what does cognitive theory explain
a number of sexual problems and patterns of sexual behaviour
what is genetic theory
the role that genes play in influence behaviour
in what ways do genetic influence sexuality
hormone production, reproductive cycles, sexual orientation, conception, genetic disorders
what is sociobiological theory
uses evolutionary biology to explain social behaviour
how is sexual selection and natural selection related?
intersexual competition, and intersexual selection
what are the five social constructionist theories of sexuality
feminist theory, queer theory, social script theory, ecological model, and sociological theory
what was the Middle Ages of belief of anatomy
men and women have same sexual anatomy, but its external for men, and internal for women
who stated “If this bone did not exist, the penis in meeting resistance would turn backwards and would often enter more into the body of the operator than into that of the operated.”
Leonardo da Vinci
what is derived from gonadal primoridum
both the testes and ovaries
what is dependent on the endocrine environment during development
primary sexual characteristics
what are the two types of ducts
wolfian duct and mullerian duct
how can an individual be forced into male or female development
hormones
what does the wolffian duct develop into
epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, and ejaculatory duct
what is another word for Wolffian duct
mesonephric
what does the Müllerian duct develop into
fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper part of vagina
what is another word for Müllerian duct
paramesonephric
how occurs to the wolffian duct without hormonal stimulation
regresses
in males, what does the gonadal primordial do?
begins to secrete testosterone and anti-mullerian hormone
what is AMH
anti-mullerian hormone
what can prevent Müllerian ducts from degenerating
Estradiol
What is testosterone converted to
DHT
what is DHT
dihydrotestosterone
how is testosterone converted to DHT
by enzyme 5a-reducatse
what occurs when testosterone is converted to DHT
DHT influences the development of the external genitalia, the genital tubercle becomes the penis, the genital folds become the shaft, the genital swellings becomes the scrotum
what occurs without DHT
external genitlia are feminized
what happens when external genitalia are feminized
the genital tubercle becomes the clitoris, the genital folds become the labia minor, and the genital swelling becomes the labia majora
what triggers differential development in the brain
circulating levels of androgens
what are primary sexual characteristics
sex organs, along with the associated ducts and glands
what are the primary sexual characteristics in women
vagina, uterus (internal); clitoris, labia (external)
what are the primary sexual characteristics in men
corpus cavernosa prostate (internal); phallus, scrotum (external)
what are secondary sexual characteristics
structures which enhance production but are not necessarily required
what are the secondary sexual characteristics in women
breasts
what are the secondary sexual characteristics in men
facial hair
what are the female external genitals
mons pubis, perineum, labia majora, vulvar vestibule, vaginal opening, clitoris, pubic hair, labia minora, urethral opening
what is a labiaplasty
surgical alteration of the labia minora to make it plumper, symmetrical, and or smaller
what are the female internal genitalia
vagina, bartholin glands, vestibular bulbs, cervix, ovaries, uterus, Fallopian tubes, Skene’s glands (paraurethral glands)