EXAM 1 Flashcards
Who created handbooks for sex
Emperor Huang-ti
what was the ideology of the Middle Ages
sex should be for procreation only
what sexual health development occurred in 1677
seminal fluid carried millions of sperm
what sexual health development occurred in 1827
the female egg was discovered
what sexual health development occurred in 1876
conception was discovered
how was conception discovered
through sea urchins
what were the main ideas theorized by Charles Darwin
sexual selection, evolutionary theory
what was the main ideas theorized by Sigmund Freud
psychoanalytic theory
what is sexology
the scientific study of human sexuality
what does sexology include
anatomy and physiology, sexual development of individual, gender and sexual identity, norms function and behaviour
what does scientific theories in studies of sexuality do
help organize, correct and generate knowledge, help to communicate about sexuality, are not static truths
what type of statement is a hypothesis
if/then
how can we study sex
through research in psychology, health sciences, criminology, gender studies, sociology, and anthropology
what is essentialism
for any entity there are a set of attributes that are necessary for its identity and function
what are the attributes of essentialism
natural, inevitable, and biologically determined
what is social constructionism
the idea that culture and surroundings shape the meaning and understanding of identities and experiences
what are sexual scripts
learned and predictable actions that lead to sexual encounters
what is the benefit of changing the metaphor for sex
Using the metaphor of pizza for sexual activity could create education that invites people to think about their own desires, to make deliberate decisions about what they want, to talk about it with their partners
what is psychodynamic theory
the idea that both conscious and unconscious forces that shape human personality, motivation, and behaviour
what are the pros of psychodynamic theory
first theory to emphasize the importance of childhood experience in personality development, provides a therapeutic approach to help those with psychological problems
what are the cons of psychodynamic Theory
overemphasis on sex particularly from Male perspective, flawed clinical data
what are the four learning theories
classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning theory, and social exchange theory
what did Ivan Pavlov discover
that pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus will, over time, result in a conditioned response
what is classical conditioning used for
therapeutically helping to extinguish an unwanted fetish
what was Darly Bem’s theory
exotic becomes erotic
what is the exotic becomes erotic theory
sexual orientation is not innate but learned
what did B.F. Skinner discover
operant conditioning
what is operant conditioning
an individual’s behaviour is modified by its consequences or the reinforces that he or she receives
what is positive reinforcement
an individual will be more likely to repeat a behaviour when they are rewarded in some way
what is negative reinforcement
something uncomfortable or otherwise unpleasant is taken away in response to a stimulus
what is primary reinforces
a powerful reward that is intrinsically satisfying
what is an example of primary reinforces
sex and food
what came from Julian Rotter and Albert Bandura’s research
Social Learning Theory
what does social learning theory explain
things such as sexual development in adolescents and young adults, contraception use, and coercive sexual behaviours
what is sexual self-efficacy
the belief that on is sexually competent and capable
what is cognitive theories
they attempt to understand human behaviours by focusing on thought processes
what does cognitive theory explain
a number of sexual problems and patterns of sexual behaviour
what is genetic theory
the role that genes play in influence behaviour
in what ways do genetic influence sexuality
hormone production, reproductive cycles, sexual orientation, conception, genetic disorders
what is sociobiological theory
uses evolutionary biology to explain social behaviour
how is sexual selection and natural selection related?
intersexual competition, and intersexual selection
what are the five social constructionist theories of sexuality
feminist theory, queer theory, social script theory, ecological model, and sociological theory
what was the Middle Ages of belief of anatomy
men and women have same sexual anatomy, but its external for men, and internal for women
who stated “If this bone did not exist, the penis in meeting resistance would turn backwards and would often enter more into the body of the operator than into that of the operated.”
Leonardo da Vinci
what is derived from gonadal primoridum
both the testes and ovaries
what is dependent on the endocrine environment during development
primary sexual characteristics
what are the two types of ducts
wolfian duct and mullerian duct
how can an individual be forced into male or female development
hormones
what does the wolffian duct develop into
epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, and ejaculatory duct
what is another word for Wolffian duct
mesonephric
what does the Müllerian duct develop into
fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper part of vagina
what is another word for Müllerian duct
paramesonephric
how occurs to the wolffian duct without hormonal stimulation
regresses
in males, what does the gonadal primordial do?
begins to secrete testosterone and anti-mullerian hormone
what is AMH
anti-mullerian hormone
what can prevent Müllerian ducts from degenerating
Estradiol
What is testosterone converted to
DHT
what is DHT
dihydrotestosterone
how is testosterone converted to DHT
by enzyme 5a-reducatse
what occurs when testosterone is converted to DHT
DHT influences the development of the external genitalia, the genital tubercle becomes the penis, the genital folds become the shaft, the genital swellings becomes the scrotum
what occurs without DHT
external genitlia are feminized
what happens when external genitalia are feminized
the genital tubercle becomes the clitoris, the genital folds become the labia minor, and the genital swelling becomes the labia majora
what triggers differential development in the brain
circulating levels of androgens
what are primary sexual characteristics
sex organs, along with the associated ducts and glands
what are the primary sexual characteristics in women
vagina, uterus (internal); clitoris, labia (external)
what are the primary sexual characteristics in men
corpus cavernosa prostate (internal); phallus, scrotum (external)
what are secondary sexual characteristics
structures which enhance production but are not necessarily required
what are the secondary sexual characteristics in women
breasts
what are the secondary sexual characteristics in men
facial hair
what are the female external genitals
mons pubis, perineum, labia majora, vulvar vestibule, vaginal opening, clitoris, pubic hair, labia minora, urethral opening
what is a labiaplasty
surgical alteration of the labia minora to make it plumper, symmetrical, and or smaller
what are the female internal genitalia
vagina, bartholin glands, vestibular bulbs, cervix, ovaries, uterus, Fallopian tubes, Skene’s glands (paraurethral glands)
what are the three vaginal layers
vaginal mucosa, middle/muscular layer, and fibrous layer
what does the vaginal mucosa do
maintains a healthy moisture and pH level via secretions
what does the middle/muscular layer do
muscles contract during sex and drug orgasm
what does the fibrous layer do
anchors the vagina in the pelvic girdle, provides elastic resistance
what are the layers of the uterus
endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium
what does the endometrium do?
hormone secreting glands and blood vessels; shed during menstruation
what does the myometrium do
muscular layer accommodates change in uterine shape during pregnancy
what does the perimetrium do
thin, smooth membrane encapsulates the uterus
what is the Grafenberg Spot
highly sensitive area of the front wall of the vagina about 5cms from the vaginal opening
what are the two parts of the ovaries
egg production, endocrine glands
what does the endocrine glands produce
estrogens (estradiol and progestins)
what is the length of the Fallopian tubes
10 cm long
where does fertilization occur
in the infundibulum
what is an ectopic pregnancy
egg implants in the fallopian tubes, the vagina, or abdominal cavity
what are the external male genitalia
penis glans, foreskin, shaft, root, scrotum
what are the pros of circumcision
decrease in infant UTI, STIs, adult penile cancer and prevents phimosis
what are the internal male genitalia
Corpus cavernosa
Urethra
Dartos muscle
Epididymis
Seminal vesicles
Cowper’s glands
Corpus spongiosum
Testes
Seminiferous tubules
Vas deferens
Prostate gland
what muscles make up the penis
3 cylindrical spongy bodies
what is the corpora cavernosa
two cylinders covered with a fibrous sleeve that pulls tight when filled with blood
what is a corpus spongiosum
a cylinder that remains soft and spongy during erection
what runs through the corpus spongiosum
the urethra
where are the seminiferous tubules
packed inside the testes
what does the seminiferous tubules produce
spermatogenesis
where are interstitial cells located
between the tubules
what is the purpose of seminal fluids
The alkalinity of fluid serves to neutralize the normally acidic environment in the distal urethra and in the vagina
what makes up semen
sperm and seminal fluid
what is the purpose of semen
to serve as a transport medium for the sperm
what are Masters and Johnson credited as
the first researchers to investigate sexual response cycle
what are the two fundamental process of sexual response
myotonia (muscle tension) and vasocengestion (swelling; pooling of blood)
what is the phases in the sexual response cycle
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
what is a sexual response only found in males
refractory period during resolution stage
what are the health benefits of orgasms
pain relief, lower cancer rate, mood enhancement, longer life, less heart disease
what is the endocrine system
collection of glands that secret hormone in order to regulate metabolism, growth and development, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, etc
what are hormones
chemical messengers within the Body
what produces hormones
glands
what are gonads
glands where gametes are produced
what is a gamete
reproductive cell with half the number of chromosomes
what are adrenal glands
endocrine glands that secrete sex hormones, stress hormones, and the catecholamines
what does the anterior pituitary gland do
synthesizes and secretes growth hormone (GH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
what hormones do the hypothalamus produce
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Dopamine
growth hormone releasing hormone
Somatostatin
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Corticotropin- releasing hormone
Oxytocin
vasopressin
what hormones does the Thyroid produce
Triiodothyronine
Thyroxine
what does the pineal gland produce
melatonin
what does the anterior pituitary gland produce
Growth hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Prolactin
what does the intermediate pituitary gland produce
melanocyte stimulating hormone
what does the posterior pituitary glands produce
Oxytocin
Vasopressin
Storing oxytocin
Anti- diuretic
Storing hormone
what is HPG
hypothalamic pituitary gonadal
what does LH release in males
testosterone
what does the LH and FSH do in males
signals the tests
what does FSH do in males
sends seminiferous tubules to sunstentacular cells
what does the GRH do in females
signals the pituitary gland
what does the FSH do in females
stimulates the developing follicle
what does the LH and FSH do in females
signals the ovaries
what is oxytocin
hormone that stimulates uterine contractions in childbirth and lactation
what is vasopressin
hormone to regulate blood pressure
what is apocrine glands
sweat glands
what is a pheromone
hormone that induces a behaviour response during interactions
what is perimenopause
the transitional period before menopause
what is menopause
the point 12 months after a women’s last period
what is genotype
genetic constitution of a organism; inherited
what is Phenotype
the outward appearance or expression of a set of physical and behavioural traits determined by genotype and environment
what is sex determined by
genes, chromosomes, hormones, and physiological traits
what is gonadal sex
sex determined by the presence of female gonad or male gonads
what is hormonal sex
sex determined by levels of estrogens and androgens
what is turned syndrome
missing all or part of second X in karyotype
what is Klinefelter’s syndrome
males who have XXY chromosomes instead of XY
what causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia
exposure before birth to high levels of androgens produced by the adrenal glands
what is androgen insensitivity syndrome
individual with an XY karyotype but develop a female phenotype
what is 5-alpha-reductase deficiency
enzyme deficiency means external genitals at birth are female, but puberty is masculine
what occurred in the case of David Reimer
he as a young child had his penis irreversibly damaged in a circumsision accident
what is gender
a social construct which affects the pyschological experience of masculinity and feminity
what is Trans Identities
Individuals whose gender identification and self-presentation does not conform to gender categories are genderqueer
what are the steps of transitioning
first stage is a psychological and physical evaluation, second involving living as target gender, third is hormone replacement, fourth sex reassignment surgery
what are the four aspects of identity
biological sex, gender identity, gender expression, attraction
what is gender queer
someone who rejects the two gender system
what is gender expression
how one looks; often physical manifestation of one’s gender identity
what is androgynous
gender expression that has elements of both masculinity and femininity
what is cisgender
a person whose gender identity and biological sex assigned at birth align
what is transgender
people whose sex gender identity and or gender expression do not match their sex assigned at birth
what is transsexual
a person who lives and or identifies as a different sex from one assigned at birth
what is intersex
someone whose combination of chromosomes, gonads, hormones, internal sex organs, and genitals differs from the two expected patterns of male or female
what is sexual orientation
The type of sexual, romantic, emotional/spiritual attraction one feels for others
what is heteronormativity
Idea that men and women are complementary pairs
what is biphobia
a range of negative attitudes (ex. Fear, anger, intolerance, resentment, erasure, or discomfort) that one may have/express towards bisexual individuals. Biphobia can come from and be seen within the queer community as well as straight society.
what is intersectionality
Social categorizations overlap and are interdependent systems resulting in discrimination or disadvantage.
what is a field of eligibles
All the individuals who meet a person’s criteria as a potential romantic partner
what theory is related to physical attractiveness
evolutionary theory
what makes up human facial beauty
averageness, symmetry and parasite resistance
what is the menstrual cycle effect
At different points in their menstrual cycles, women prefer different types of men
what is the proximity effect
The theory that the closer you are to another person in geographical distance, the greater the probability that you will grow to like or love the person
what is the idea of reciprocity
attraction breeds attraction
what is homophily
we tend to associate with people who are similar to us in age, level of education, religious views, political views, and socioeconomic status
what is assortative mating
commitment to partners who are similar to themselves
why do opposites attract
People are attracted to individuals with dissimilar immune systems
what is the five types of intimacy
emotional, social, sexual, intellectual, recreational
what is love
a list of certain features such as Sexual attraction, desire, and trust
what is passionate love
consists of intense longing, preconception with, and idealization of the loved one
what is companionate love
consists of warmth and affection, based on deep friendship that is comfortable and trustable
what is attachment theory
People seek out or avoid intimacy in different ways, Based on how individual views of the self and others shapes the style of attachment that individual will take
what are the four styles of attachment
secure, preoccupied, dismissing, and fearful
what does it mean to have love on the brain
Individuals who are intensely in love show increased activity in the reward and motivation center of the brain
what in the Triangular Theory of Love
Three fundamental components of love that combine in various ways that lead to the different kinds of love we experience
what are the seven components of love
- liking
- infatuation
- empty love
- romantic love
- fatuous love
- companionate love
- consumate love
what are the three fundamental components of love
passion intimacy, commitment
who created the triangular theory of love
Robert J. Sternbeg
who developed the theory of love styles
John Lee
what are the six major styles of love
eros, storge, ludus, pragma, mania, agape
what is the two factor theory of love
This theory states that attraction is based on the interaction of both cognition and physiological arousal
what are the four negative behaviours that predict relationship dissatisfaction
criticism, contempt, defensiveness, stonewalling
what is normal jealousy
Jealous based on a real threat to the relationship, as when one partner discovers that the other has been sexually unfaithful
what is pathological jealousy
Jealousy felt within one partner despite the fact that no threat exists
