Lecture 8 Nutritional Diseases

Question 1

Marasmus

Answer 1

Malnutrition from calorie deficiency
Extreme wasting of fat and muscle
Weight loss and emaciation

Question 2

Kwashiorkor

Answer 2

Severe protein deficiency
Characterized by edema, swelling, liver enlargement from fat accumulation

Question 3

Which protein compartment is affected more severely in each disease (e.g., somatic v. visceral)?

Answer 3

Marasmus -> somatic protein compartment / skeletal muscle
Kwashiorkor -> visceral protein compartment

Question 4

What weight percentage is categorized in each disease? Why is kwashiorkor weight percentage higher?

Answer 4

Marasmus
Less than 60% of expected weight for age
Kwashiorkor
60-80%
Higher percentage to account for fluid retention and only protein severely lost (usually caloric intake in sufficient)

Question 5

Which condition involves generalized edema and ascites? Why?

Answer 5

Kwashiorkor
Lack protein = lack albumin = reducing oncotic pressure -> edema

Question 6

Which condition has far more muscle mass and fat loss? Why?

Answer 6

Marasmus has more muscle and fat loss d/t overall calorie deficiency

Question 7

How does ghrelin affect food intake/appetite?

Answer 7

Ghrelin
Stimulates appetite / hunger hormone -> acts on hypothalamus
Rises before meals, decreases after eating

Question 8

How does PYY affect food intake/appetite?

Answer 8

PYY (Peptide YY)
Hormone released post-meal
Slows gastric emptying and reduces food intake
Appetite suppressant

Question 9

How does GLP-1 affect food intake/appetite?

Answer 9

Promotes satiety and decrease appetite
Stimulates insulin secretion
Inhibits glucagon release

Question 10

How does leptin affect food intake/appetite?

Answer 10

Signals hypothalamus to reduce appetite when energy stores (fat) are sufficient

Question 11

What does adiponectin do with fatty acids in the skeletal muscle?

Answer 11

Enhances uptake and oxidation
Improving sensitivity to insulin and reduces lipid accumulation in muscle cells

Question 12

What are the clinical consequences of obesity? (Refer to slide 15, right column)

Question 13

Metabolic Syndrome

Answer 13

Associated with insulin resistance
Type 2 DM
Hormonal changes
Contributes to tumor development/cellular proliferation
Obstructive sleep apnea
Cardiovascular disease d/t fat accumulation
Osteoarthritis etc.
Increased insulin growth like factor