Lecture 4 Anemia

Question 1

Aplastic Anemia

Answer 1

Etiology: Bone marrow failure leading to pancytopenia (low RBC/Platelet/WBC)

Lab findings: decrease RBC, Hgb/Hct, WBC, Platelets, Reticulocyte (immature RBC)

Morphology: Normocytic, Normochromic

S/S: fatigue, weakness pale skin, bleeding, bruising, infection

Question 2

Anemia of Chronic Renal Failure

Answer 2

Etiology: anemia resulting from chronic kidney disease (loss of renal endocrine Fx impairs EPO)

Lab Findings: Decreased RBC, BUN/Cr, EPO

Morphology: Normocytic, Normochomic

S/S: Fatigue, weakness, pale skin, SOB, Edema

Question 3

Sickle Cell Anemia

Answer 3

Etiology: Genetic mutation in Hemoglobin gene–>Intracorpuscular issue -> impaired membrane structure
RBC cell to sickle with low O2
Vascular occlusion

Lab Findings:
Increased: Bilirubin, urobilirubin, urobilin

Decreased: RBC, Hgb/Hct

Morphology: Sickled cells

S/S: Recurrent pain crises, Jaundice
Fatigue, Shortness of Breath, Increased risk of infection

Question 4

Thalassemia Major

Answer 4

Etiology: Mutant genes suppressing globin chain synthesis
Less hemoglobin to transport oxygen
Increased RBC destruction
Increased Iron accumulation

Lab Findings:
Increased TIBC (sometimes)
Decreased RBC, Hgb/Hct
Normal: Serum Fe

Morphology: Microcytic, Hypochromic

S/S: Bone deformities, Cardiac issues ,Increased infection

Tx: Transfusions & Chelation

Question 5

Fe Deficient Anemia

Answer 5

Etiology: Lack of available Fe for Hgb Synthesis due to GI bleed, menses, malnutrition, malabsorption

Lab findings:
Increased: TIBC (d/t iron stores being low; high Transferrin available)

Decreased: RBC, Hgb/Hct, Ferritin (< 30), Serum Fe

Morphology: Microcytic, hypochromic

S/S: Fatigue, weakness, SOB, Restless Leg Syndrome

Treatment: Fe Supplements

Question 6

Pernicious Anemia (B12 Deficiency Anemia)

Answer 6

Etiology: Autoimmune etiology leading to B12 deficiency anemia
Can also result from poor intake

Lab Findings:
increased:

Decreased: RBC, Hgb/Hct, WBC, Plt.. Vitamin B12
Platelets will be on the “lower” end but not significantly reduced like in a clotting factor deficiency
Hypersegmented granulocytes

Morphology: Macrocytic, normochromic

S/S: Fatigue, weakness, Pale skin, SOB
Neurological -> numbness, tingling

Question 7

Polycythemia Vera

Answer 7

Etiology: Excessive RBC production. Secondary polycythemia Caused by chronic hypoxemia (cor pulmonale pathway)
Secondary to fluid imbalances like severe dehydration
Stress induced -> HTN

Lab Findings:
Increased: RBC, Hgb/Hct

Decreased: EPO

Morphology: Normocytic, normochromic (just a shit ton)

S/S: Headache, dizziness
Pruritus, Warm extremities
Increased thrombosis risk

Tx: Phlebotomy, reducing viscosity, blood thinners
Radioactive phosphorus
Chemotherapeutics

Question 8

Anemia Description

Answer 8

Aplastic Anemia
Normocytic
Normochromic

Anemia of Chronic Renal Failure
Normocytic
Normochromic

Sickle Cell Anemia
Microcytic (with affected/ target cells)
Normochromic

Pernicious Anemia (Folate/B12)
Macrocytic
Normochromic

Iron Deficiency Anemia
Microcytic
Hypochromic

Thalassemia
Microcytic
Hypochromic

Polycythemia Vera
Normocytic
Normochromic

Question 9

Classification of anemia chart

Answer 9

Pic on phone 11/10