Lecture 8: Macronutrients - Fat, Carbs and Proteins

Question 1

examples of polyunsaturated fatty acids and where they are found

Answer 1

• linoleic acid in vegetable and sunflower oils

- alpha linoleic acid in green leafy vegetables, canola, walnut and soybean oils

Question 2

which vitamins are fat soluble

Answer 2

• A
• D
• E
• K

Question 3

what are protein requirements in adults and adults in older age

Answer 3

• adults: 0.8g/kg/day

- older adults: 1.2g/kg/day

Question 4

which acids make up bile acids

Answer 4

• cholic acid

- chenodeoxycholic acid

Question 5

what are the primary pancreatic proteases

Answer 5

• trypsin
• chymotrypsin
  produced in inactive “inogen” forms
  activated by enteropeptidase in duodenum

Question 6

what are the brush border enzymes

Answer 6

• maltase
• sucrase
• lactase

Question 7

what are lacteals important in the absorption of

Answer 7

chylomicrons

Question 8

how are the monosaccharides absorbed by the small intestine

Answer 8

• glucose and galactose absorbed by enterocyte via sodium glucose symporter
• fructose absorbed by enterocyte via glut 5 transporter
• all leave into bloodstream via glut 2 transporter

Question 9

how are proteins absorbed into the small intestine

Answer 9

• various amino acids go via transporter mechanisms that require sodium
• di and tripeptides go via human peptide transporter 1, requiring H+
• facilitated diffusion then moves them into the bloodstream

Question 10

what are examples of soluble fibres

Answer 10

• pectin

- gum

Question 11

which short chain fatty acids are produced in microbial fermentation and what are they taken up by

Answer 11

• acetate taken up by peripheral circulation and used as energy substrate
• propionate taken up by liver
• butyrate taken up by colonic cells

Question 12

what activates trypsinogen to trypsin

Answer 12

enteropeptidase

Question 13

what peptidases does trypsin activate

Answer 13

• chymotrypsinogen
• proelastase
• procarboxypeptidases