Lecture 2: Peritoneal Cavity

Question 1

what does the endoderm form

Answer 1

majority of gut, including most of epithelium and glands of digestive tract

Question 2

what does the mesoderm form

Answer 2

muscular layers

Question 3

what does the ectoderm form

Answer 3

epithelium at extremities of tract, so cranial and caudal

Question 4

at 4 weeks, which membranes are the cranial and caudal ends closed by

Answer 4

• bucco-pharyngeal

- cloacal

Question 5

what makes up the foregut

Answer 5

• oesophagus
• stomach
• proximal half duodenum
• liver
• pancreas

Question 6

what makes up the midgut

Answer 6

• distal half duodenum
• jejunum
• ileum
• cecum
• ascending colon
• 3/4 of transverse colon

Question 7

what makes up the hindgut

Answer 7

• 1/4 of transverse colon
• descending and sigmoid colon
• rectum

Question 8

what is the primitive colon held in place with

Answer 8

mesenteries, which anchor the digestive tract to the posterior abdominal cavity

Question 9

what are the possible ways and symptoms of anomaly of gut rotation

Answer 9

could be:
- duodenum constriction
- midgut volvulus, leading to ischaemia which leads to necrosis or possibly death
symptoms:
- vomiting
- pain
- abdominal distension

Question 10

what does the dorsal mesentery give rise to

Answer 10

• gastrosplenic ligament
• lienorenal ligament
• greater omentum
• mesentery of small and large intestine

Question 11

what does the ventral mesentery give rise to

Answer 11

at foregut region only:

• ligaments around liver
• falciform ligament
• lesser omentum

Question 12

what does the inguinal ligament run between

Answer 12

• ASIS : anterior superior ileac spine

- and pubic tubercle

Question 13

where do the external obliques run from and to

Answer 13

run anteroinferiorly
from outer surface of lower 8 ribs
to:
- linea alba
- iliac crest
- pubic tubercle

Question 14

where do the internal obliques run from and to

Answer 14

run anterosuperiorly
from: 
- lateral third of inguinal ligament
- anterior 2/3 of iliac crest
to:
- linea alba
- costal margin
- crest of pubic bone

Question 15

where do the transversus abdominis run from and to

Answer 15

from:
- lateral 1/3 of inguinal ligament
- internal surface of lower 6 ribs
to:
- linea alba
- crest of pubic bone

Question 16

where do the rectus abdominis run from and to

Answer 16

from:
- pubic symphysis and crest
to:
- xyphoid process
- 5th to 7th costal cartilages

Question 17

what is the blood supply to the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall

Answer 17

arteries:
- superior and inferior epigastric
- intercostal
- circumflex iliac
veins:
- thoracoepigastric

Question 18

what is the innervation of the muscles of the anterior abdomen

Answer 18

• thoracoabdominal nerves

- thoracic and subcostal nerves for rectus abdominis

Question 19

what is the function of the external obliques

Answer 19

work with internal obliques for torsional movement of trunk

Question 20

what is the function of the internal obliques

Answer 20

• flex and rotate trunk

- compress viscera

Question 21

what is the function of the transversus abdominus

Answer 21

compress and support viscera

Question 22

what is the function of the rectus abdominus

Answer 22

• flexes trunk

- compress viscera

Question 23

what allows communication between the greater and lesser sacs

Answer 23

epiploic foramen

Question 24

what does the inguinal canal serve as a passageway for

Answer 24

• spermatic cord to scrotum in males
• round ligament of the uterus to reach the labia majora in females
• genital nerve and other blood and lymphatic vessels in both sexes

Question 25

what is the inguinal canal limited by

Answer 25

superficial and deep inguinal rings

Question 26

what does the spermatic cord consist of

Answer 26

• vas deferens
• gonadal vessels
• nerves
• lymphatics
• cremaster muscle

Question 27

what are the coverings of the spermatic cord as it passes through the abdominal wall

Answer 27

• innermost: internal spermatic fascia formed by the transversalis fascia
• middle: cremasteric fascia formed by internal oblique muscle
• external: external spermatic fascia formed by external oblique muscle