Lecture 8 - Learning & Memory Flashcards
Neuroplasticity?
The NS’s potential for physical or chemical change, it enhances its adaptability.
What four experiences can change the brain?
- Development.
- Culture.
- Preferences.
- Coping.
Learning is common to these experiences.
A recent definiton of learning included how many distinct rules or guidelines for what is considered learning?
137.
Learning can be defined as:
The process or acquiring new information and how to apply it to a new situatoin.
What does Hebb’s rule state about learning?
That there is a connection between two neurons that will strengthen if they are activated in the same space at the same time.
One of the functional rules that underlie learning.
Learning vs. Memory?
- Learning is a change in an organism’s behavior as a result of experience.
- Memory is the ability to store and recall or recognizze previous experience.
What are Engrams?
The basic cellular component that memories are made from.
Is operant conditioning localalized to any brain circuit?
- No.
- The encessary circuits will var with the task requirements.
What did the cat learn in Throndike’s puzzle box experiment?
Actions have consequences.
What are the categories of memory?
- Implicit memory [unconscious].
- Explicit memory [conscious].
- Emotional [unconscious & conscious].
- Declarative memory.
- Procedural memory.
Implicit vs. Explicit memory?
- Implicit memory is when subjects demonstrate knowledge, such as a skill, conditioned response, or recaling events on prompting, but cannot explicitly retreive the information.
- Explicit memory is when subjects retrieve an item and indicae that they know they retrieved the correct item.
Priming?
This is using a stimulus to sensitize the NS to a later presentation of the same or a similar stimulus.
Declarative memory?
Ability to recount what one knows, to detail the time, place, and circumstances of events.
Often lost in amnesia.
Procedural memory?
Ability to recall a movement sequence or how to perform some act or behavior.
ie. writing and typing.
Learning Set?
The implicit understanding of how a problem can be solved with a rule that can be applied in may different situations.
Does the brain process implicit and explicit memories the same way?
- No.
- Implicit information is processed in a bottom-up or data-driven manner.
- Explicit information is processed in a top-down or conceptually driven manner.
Short-term and long-term memory?
Short-term is only a few minutes, with the information being held briefly and then discarded.
Long-term is an indefinite duration, it could be help for a lifetime.
What place in the NS can be identified as the location of memory and learning?
No single place in the NS can be identified as so.
What are some terms that describe conscious memory?
- Explicit.
- Declarative.
- Fact.
- Sematic.
- Conscious recollection.
- Working.
What are some terms that describe unconscious memory?
- Implicit.
- Nondeclarative.
- Skill.
- Habit.
- Skills.
- Integration.
- Perceptual.
- Nonassociative.
Autobiographical memory?
Episodic memory for events pegged to specific place and time contexts.
What type of information is lost in sensory memory?
Unattended memory.
What type of information is lost in short-term memory?
Unrehearsed information.
What type of information is lost in long term memory?
Some information may be lost over time.
Where are autobiographical memories stored in the brain?
Key regions:
- Ventromedial prefrontal cortex [vmPFC].
- Hippocampus.
- Pathways between them ^.
