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PSYC 2200, Brain & Behaviour > Chapter Nine: Sensory Systems Terms > Flashcards

Chapter Nine: Sensory Systems Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Define:

Blind Spot

A

The retinal region where axons forming the optic nerve leave the eye and where blood vessels enter and leave; has no photoreceptors and is thus said to be blind.

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2
Q

Define:

Blob

A

The region in area V1 that contains color-sensitive neurons, as revealed by staining for cytochrome oxidase.

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3
Q

Define:

Color Constancy

A

The phenomenon whereby an object’s perceived color tends to remain constant relative to other colors, regardless of changes in illumination.

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4
Q

Define:

Cone

A

A photoreceptor specialized for color and high visual acuity.

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5
Q

Define:

Cortical Column

A

The anatomic organization that represents a functional unit six cortical layers deep and approximately 0.5mm across, perpendicular to the cortical surface.

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6
Q

Define:

Dorsal Stream

A

A visual processing pathway from region V1 to the parietal lobe; guides actions relative to objects.

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7
Q

Define:

Extrastriate [Secondary Visual] Cortex [V2-V5]

A

The visual cortical areas in the occipital lobe outside the striate cortex.

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8
Q

Define:

Facial Agnosia

A

Face blindness; the inability to recognize faces; also called prosopagnosia.

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9
Q

Define:

Fovea

A

The central region of the retina specialized for high visual acuity; its receptive fields are at the center of the eye’s visual field.

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10
Q

Define:

Geniculostriate System

A

Projections from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus to the visual cortex.

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11
Q

Define:

Homonymous Hemianopia

A

blindess of the entire left or right visual field.

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12
Q

Define:

Luminance Contrast

A

Amount of light an object reflects relative to its surrounding.

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13
Q

Define:

Magnocellular [M] Cell

A

Large visual system neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus that are sensitive to light, and that mediate light and dark perception and movement.

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14
Q

Define:

Ocular Domiance

A

The functional column in the visual cortex that is maximally responsive to information coming from one eye.

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15
Q

Define:

Opponent Process

A

The explanation of color vision that emphasizes the importance of the apparently opposing color pairs; red versus green and blue versus yellow.

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16
Q

Define:

Optic Ataxia

A

The deficit in the visual control of reaching and other movements.

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17
Q

Define:

Optic Chiasm

A

The junction of the optic nerves, one from each eye, at which the axons from the nasal halves of the retinas cross to the brain’s opposite side.

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18
Q

Define:

Parvocellular [P] Cell

A

Small visual system neuron in the lateral geniculate body that is sensitive to color.

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19
Q

Define:

Perception

A

Subjective interpretation of sensations.

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20
Q

Define:

Photoreceptor

A

A specialized retinal neuron that transduces light into neural activity.

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21
Q

Define:

Primary Visual Cortex [V1]

A

The cortex in the occipital lobe that receives visual input from the lateral geniculate nucleus; also called striate cortex.

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22
Q

Define:

Quadrantanopia

A

Blindness of one quadrant of the visual field.

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23
Q

Define:

Receptacle Field

A

Region of sensory space [ie. skin surface] in which a stimulus modifies a receptor’s activity.

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24
Q

Define:

Retina

A

The light-sensitive surface at the back of the eye consisting of neurons with axons that give rise to the optic nerve.

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25
Q

Define:

Retinal Ganglion Cell [RGC]

A

One of a group of retinal neurons with axons that give rise to the optic nerve.

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26
Q

Define:

Retinohypothalamic Tract

A

A neural route formed by axons of photosensitive retinal ganglion cells [pRGCs] from the retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus [SCN]; allows light to entrain the SCN’s rhythmic activity.

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27
Q

Define:

Rod

A

A photoreceptor specialized for functioning at low light levels.

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28
Q

Define:

Scotoma

A

Small blind spot in the visual field caused by migraine or by a small lesion of the visual cortex.

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29
Q

Define:

Sensation

A

The registration by the sensory organs of physical stimuli from the environment.

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30
Q

Define:

Striate [Striped Cortex]

A

Primary visual cortex [V1] in the occipital lobe; shows stripes [striations] on staining.

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31
Q

Define:

Tectopulvinar System

A

Visual projections from the retina to the superior colliculus to the pulvinar (thalamus) to the parietal and temporal visual areas.

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32
Q

Define:

Topographic Map

A

Spatially organized neural representation of the external world.

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33
Q

Define:

Trichromatic Theory

A

The explanation of color vision based on the coding primary colors: red, green, and blue.

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34
Q

Define:

Ventral Stream

A

Visual processing pathway from region V1 to the temporal lobe that mediates perception, as opposed to action mediated by the dorsal stream.

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35
Q

Define:

Visual Field

A

The region of the visual world seen by the eyes.

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36
Q

Define:

Visual-Form Agnosia

A

The inability to recognize objects or drawings of objects.

37
Q

The thalamus is a neural relay in?

A

Both audition and vision.

38
Q

Fill in the blank:

Snakes can detect infrared waves radiated by the bodies of their prey. Compared to humans, snakes can see ____ waves.

A

Higher-wavelength.

39
Q

The tectopulvinar pathway is MOST closely associated with?

A

Movement.

40
Q

Professor Panchuk is talking about visual pathways in today’s class. They note that the output from each retina crosses at the?

A

Optic Chiasm.

41
Q

Anka is looking at a beautiful scene at the Grand Canyon. The scope of what Anka can see across the landscape is limited by their?

A

The eyes’ receptive fields.

42
Q

Fill in the blanks:

Anna is reading a psychology textbook. The activation of receptors in Anna’s retina is called ____. Anna’s interpretation of the stimuli as particular words is called _____.

A

Sensation; perception

43
Q

Ipsilaterally and contralaterally connected parts of the LGN go to the adjacent area of the occipital cortex called?

A

Cortical columns.

44
Q

Fill in the blanks:

The PPA in ____ the lobe is specialized at recognizing ___.

A

Temporal; places.

45
Q

The blind spot on the retina is also known as the?

A

Optic disc.

46
Q

An interblob neuron in V1 would be sensitive to?

A

Movement.

47
Q

Fill in the blank:

Almost everyone needs corrective lenses to help with ____ as they age.

A

Reading.

48
Q

Fill in the blank:

Professor Held explains that cones are ____ than rods.

A

More likely to be used in day vision.

49
Q

Fill in the blank:

Rods prefer a range of wavelengths centered on ____ nm.

A

496.

50
Q

Fill in the blank:

Dr. Raymond is looking at a cell taken from the periphery of the outermost layer of the retina. It is MOST likely to be a(n) ____ cell.

A

P.

51
Q

Fill in the blank:

Myopia is less common in countries where ____ is plentiful.

A

Bright light.

52
Q

Fill in the blanks:

Dr. Frankl explains to the class that the geniculostriate system goes from the ____ to the ____.

A

Retina; LGN.

53
Q

Bright light helps vision because it?

A

Causes the pupil to contract.

54
Q

Dr. Tran studies magnocellular cells. They are MOST likely interested in the?

A

Tectopulvinar system

55
Q

Takiyo has blindsight in their left visual field. This means that Takiyo?

A

They knows when an object enters their left visual field but do not actually see it.

56
Q

In one of Kim’s sensory systems, chemical molecules are fitting into receptors of particular shapes. Kim is…?

A

Tasting or smelling.

57
Q

Professor Ishmael explains that each rod contains?

A

The same pigment.

58
Q

Jasper has trouble with visual illuminance. The doctor explains that the only treatment is to?

A

Increase lighting.

59
Q

Barkley, the dog, is able to smell things that his owner cannot smell because?

A

His olfactory receptors are more densely packed.

60
Q

Professor D’Amato shows a class a magnified image of the part of the retina with the MOST densely packed photoreceptors, called the?

A

Fovea.

61
Q

Fill in the blank:

Gary is making notes on the different types of retinal cells. After drawing a circle representing the retina, he draws a smaller circle and labels it “fovea” and places the letter ____ in the middle of the fovea to remind him what type of cells dominate in that area.

A

P

62
Q

Dr. Corkhill is looking at photoreceptors under a powerful microscope. The photoreceptors were obtained from a?

A

Retina.

63
Q

Pat turns to look directly at a brightly colored bird their friend has spotted in the garden. Pat is ensuring that the bird’s image falls directly on their?

A

Fovea.

64
Q

Fill in the blank:

Dr. Rhodes checks Annalise’s eyes for ____ to determine if some symptoms Annalise is showing are caused by a brain tumor or an infection.

A

Papilledema.

65
Q

Fill in the blanks:

Dr. Sanchez explains to the class that the tectopulvinar system goes from the ____ to the ____.

A

Eye; pulvinar region of the thalamus.

66
Q

Fill in the blank:

Mila is labeling a diagram of V2 while studying for a neuroscience test. Mila writes “input from ____” next to the pale zone.

A

V1 form-sensitive neurons.

67
Q

Gene is 75 years old and has trouble seeing clearly in dim light. Gene has issues with:

A

Visual illuminance.

68
Q

Fill in the blanks:

Nathaniel is looking out the window. The part of the scene that enters Nathaniel’s ____ will cross the optic chiasm and enter the ____ hemisphere.

A

Left visual field; right.

69
Q

An L cone would respond the MOST to the color:

A

Orange.

70
Q

As people age, they become much more likely to experience?

A

Hyperopia.

71
Q

Fill in the blank:

Professor Bichsel is showing the pathway of visual information from the eye to the brain on an infographic. The infographic clearly shows the P cells projecting onto layers _____ of the LGN.

A

3 through 6.

72
Q

An S cone would respond the MOST to the color:

A

Blue.

73
Q

Hannah is part of a psychology experiment in which they are seeing lips produce ga while being presented with the phoneme ba. Hannah will hear:

A

Da.

74
Q

Fill in the blank:

Layers ____ of the LGN process information about movement.

A

1 & 2.

75
Q

The medial path from each retina is also known as the?

A

Nasal retina.

76
Q

ngrid is nearsighted. This means they have:

A

Myopia.

77
Q

Fill in the blanks:m

Keanu is threading a needle under a bright light bulb. During this task, Keanu’s vision is driven mainly by the ____ in his ____.

A

Cones; fovea.

78
Q

Hank is 60 years old and cannot focus on nearby objects without corrective lenses. Hank’s condition is referred to as:

A

Presbyopia.

79
Q

As you walk into a brightly lit room, the black structure in the center of your eye seems to shrink to a tiny black dot. This response is caused by the action of the eye structure called the?

A

Iris.

80
Q

Visual illuminance occurs because as we age, less light is let in through the:

A

Cornea & lens.

81
Q

Fill in the blanks:

Professor Mandel’s depiction of the visual information processing system clearly shows that both the tectopulvinar and geniculostriate systems eventually lead to either the ____ or ____ lobe.

A

Temporal; parietal.

82
Q

Gia goes to a neurologist to be treated for what may be the most common neurological disorder. Gia MOST likely has?

A

Migraine.

83
Q

Ira sees auras right before experiencing periods of pain that last for several hours. Ira MOST likely suffers from:

A

Migraine.

84
Q

Fill in the blank:

Almost everyone needs corrective lenses to help with ____ as they age.

A

Reading.

85
Q

Dr. Vasik studies parvocellular cells. They are MOST likely interested in the:

A

Geniculostriate system.

86
Q

Fill in the blank:

The optic nerve is a bundle of ____ cells.

A

Retinal ganglion.

87
Q

Fill in the blank:

Dr. Preston presents a participant with a 545 nm light. This light will activate ____ cones.

A

M and L.

88
Q

Fill in the blanks:

Professor Faria is showing a depiction of V1 to a class. The professor labels the ____ in V1 with “color perception” and the ____ in V1 with “motion and form perception.”

A

Blobs; interblobs.

PSYC 2200, Brain & Behaviour (12 decks)

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