Chapter 16: Psychopathology & Brain Misbehaviours Terms

Question 1

Define:

Akathisia

Answer 1

Small, involuntary movements or changes in posture; motor restlessness.

Question 2

Define:

Anxiety Disorder

Answer 2

Any of a number of conditions in which unhelpful anxiety has negative effects on daily life.

Question 3

Define:

Autoimmune Disease

Answer 3

An illness resulting from the loss of the immune system;s ability to discriminate between foreign pathogens in the body and the body itself [ie. an abnormal immune response by the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body].

Question 4

Define:

Behavioral Modification

Answer 4

Treatment that applies learning principles, such as conditioning to eliminate unwanted behaviors.

Question 5

Define:

Bipolar Disorder

Answer 5

Mood disorder characterized by periods of depression alternating with normal periods and periods of intense excitation, or ‘mania’.

Question 6

Define:

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy [CTE]

Answer 6

The progressive degenerative disease caused by multiple concussions and other closed-head injuries, characterized by neurofibrillary tangles, plaques, cerebral atrophy, and expanded ventricles due to cell loss.

Question 7

Define:

Clinical Neuroscience

Answer 7

Speciality in the field of neuroscience that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders affecting the brain and central nervous system.

Question 8

Define:

Cognitive Therapy

Answer 8

Therapy based on the perspective that thoughts intervene between events and emotions, so the treatment of emotional disorders requires changing maladaptive patterns of thinking.

Question 9

Define:

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy [CBT]

Answer 9

Problem-focused, action-oriented, structured treatment for eliminating dysfunctional thoughts and maladaptive thought and reasoning processes.

Question 10

Define:

Deep Brain Stimulation [DBS]

Answer 10

The neurosurgical technique in which electrodes implanted in the brain stimulate a targeted area with a low-voltage electrical current to produce or facilitate behavior or give relief from psychiatric conditions.

Question 11

Define:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [DMS]

Answer 11

The American Psychiatric Association’s classification system for psychiatric disorders.

Question 12

Define:

Diaschisis

Answer 12

Neural shock that follows brain damage in which areas connected to the site of damage show a temporary arrest of function.

Question 13

Define:

Festination

Answer 13

The tendency for a behavior to speed up, such was walking, faster and faster.

Question 14

Define:

Focal Seizure

Answer 14

A seizure that arises at a synchronous, hyperactive, localized brain region [at a focus].

Question 15

Define:

Generalized Seizure

Answer 15

An electrographic seizure that starts at a focal location, and then spreads rapidly and bilaterally to distributed networks in both hemispheres.

Question 16

Define:

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Answer 16

A stroke resulting from bleeding from a blood vessel.

Question 17

Define:

HPA Axis

Answer 17

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal circuit that controls the production and release of hormones related to stress.

Question 18

Define:

Ischemic Stroke

Answer 18

A stroke resulting from a blocked blood vessel.

Question 19

Define:

Lewy Body

Answer 19

Circular fibrous structure found in several neurocognitive disorders; forms within the cytoplasm of neurons and is thought to result from abnormal neurofilament metabolism.

Question 20

Define:

Mania

Answer 20

A disordered mental state of extreme excitement.

Question 21

Define:

Neurocognitive Disorder

Answer 21

Acquired and persistent syndrome of intellectual impairment characterized by memory and other cognitive deficits and impairments in social and occupational functioning.

Question 22

Define:

Neuroprotectant

Answer 22

A drug administered to block the cascade ost-trauma neural events.

Question 23

Define:

Phenylketonuria [PKU]

Answer 23

A behavioral disorder caused by elevated levels of the amino acid phenylalanine in the blood and resulting from a defect in the gene for the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase; the major symptom is severe developmental disability.

Question 24

Define:

Posttraumatic Apathy

Answer 24

A condition characterized by diminished motivation and purposeful behavior following brain injury or disease.

Question 25

Define:

Posttraumatic Growth

Answer 25

The ability to cope with and compensate for deficits resulting from brain injury and disease.

Question 26

Define:

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder [PTSD]

Answer 26

A syndrome characterized by physiological arousal brought on by recurring memories and dreams related to a traumatic event for months or years after the event.

Question 27

Define:

Prion

Answer 27

Derived from the terms protein and infection, proteinaceous and infectious; an abnormally folded protein involved in progressive neurocognitive disorders.

Question 28

Define:

Psychotherapy

Answer 28

Talk therapy derived from Freudian psychoanalysis and other psychological interventions.

Question 29

Define:

Real-time fMRI [rt-fMRI]

Answer 29

A behavior-modification technique in which individuals learn to change their behavior by controlling their own patterns of brain activation.

Question 30

Define:

Tardive Dyskinesia

Answer 30

The inability to stop the tongue or other body parts from moving; motor side effect of neuroleptic drugs.

Question 31

Define:

Virtual Reality [VR Exposure Therapy]

Answer 31

A controlled virtual immersion environment that, allowing individuals to relive traumatic events, gradually desensitizes them to stress.