Lecture 8: Inclusion and exclusion Flashcards
What is inclusion in peace processes?
Inclusion is the practice of incorporating different actors and interests into the negotiating process to increase representation, legitimacy, and support for the final agreement.
What are the types of inclusion in negotiation processes?
- Direct representation
- Consultations (officially endorsed, unofficial, public)
- Observer status
What are the benefits of inclusive peace processes?
- Increases legitimacy and public support
- Demonstrates commitment to democratic values
- Correlates with more agreements being reached and implemented
- Provides an opportunity to address underlying sources of conflict
What are the disadvantages of inclusive peace processes?
- Makes compromise difficult
- Possibility of forming polarized coalitions
- Extends timeframe and reduces opportunity for dialogue
- Incompatible with secrecy
- Problem of representation
Why should civil society be included in peace processes?
- Ensures negotiators address underlying causes of conflict
- Champions for peace
- Limits concessions to armed groups
- Ensures society benefits from peace agreements
Why should armed groups be included in peace processes?
- Prevents spoiling behavior
- Increases likelihood of longer-lasting peace
- Increases public support for the agreement
- Moderates extreme positions
Under what conditions should extremist/terrorist groups be included in peace processes?
- If they have broad public support
- If they renounce terrorist tactics
- Participation should be limited
What are the obstacles to women’s participation in peace processes (Krause & Olsson)?
- Mismatch between support offered and expertise required
- Protracted and non-linear peace processes
- Diverse political viewpoints among women
- Gatekeepers do not value or prioritize women’s inclusion
What are the benefits of women’s participation in peace processes (Krause & Olsson)?
- More gender-equal policies
- Increases the durability of peace
- More provisions addressing social inequality
- Increases awareness of gendered effects of war/conflict
What process factors make inclusion more effective (Paffenholz & Ross)?
- Decision-making procedures that do not marginalize included actors
- Effective representation of constituencies
- Transfer of information to include inputs in peace agreements
- Support structures to enhance influence
- Coalition building and joint positioning
- Inclusion-friendly mediators who lobby for inclusion
What context factors make inclusion more effective (Paffenholz & Ross)?
- Elite support or resistance to specific provisions or group participation
- Influence of regional actors
- Public support for the peace agreement
- Preparedness of included actors for formal participation
What is the difference between inside and outside spoilers in peace processes (Stedman 1997)?
Inside Spoilers: Sign the peace agreement but fail to fulfill key obligations.
Outside Spoilers: Excluded parties who use violence to attack the peace process.
What are the types of spoilers in peace processes (Stedman 1997)?
- Limited Spoilers: Have limited, sometimes non-negotiable, goals.
- Greedy Spoilers: Goals expand or contract based on calculations of cost and risk.
- Total Spoilers: Pursue total power with immutable preferences.
What is the locus of spoilers in peace processes?
Leader: Change in leadership can change the spoiler type.
Followers/Base: Change in leadership does not change the spoiler type and may lead to more violence.
What are the strategies of spoiler management (Stedman 1997)?
- Inducement: Taking positive measures to address grievances.
- Socialization: Establishing norms for acceptable behavior.
- Coercion: Using or threatening punishment to deter spoiler behavior or reduce their capability to disrupt the peace process.
