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216 > Lecture 8? Human reproductive ecology 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 8? Human reproductive ecology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pathology paradigm

A
  • human reproduction has a fundamental paradox: although it is critical to the survival of the species, the process is relatively inefficient
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2
Q

what is an alternative view to the pathology paradigm

A

adaptationist paradigm

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3
Q

what is the adaptationist paradigm

A

reproductive losses are not reproductive failures

  • suppression mechanisms -> regulate timing of reproductive events
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4
Q

true or false - all conditions are equally good to invest in reproduction

A

false - the ability to interrupt reproduction can provide a selective advantage

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5
Q

preventing reproduction during inauspicious times is hypothesized to allow females to focus resources on

A
  • surviving bad times
  • help existing offspring survive
  • avoid investing in offspring with reduced fitness prospects
  • improve overall condition to invest in future offspring
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6
Q

What is Peter Ellison’s view on reproductive function

A

energy as ultimate modulator of reproductive function

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7
Q

What is Peter Ellisons model of reproductive function and energy

A

social environment, constitutional genetic factors, and physical environment interact and lead to energy availability –> reproductive function

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8
Q

The probability of conceiving, delivering and raising a child can be reduced at different stages

A
  1. pre-conception behaviour (coitus avoidance)
  2. anovulation - not releasing an egg/not ovulating
  3. miscarriage
  4. post-conception behaviour (neglect, abandonment, infanticide)
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9
Q

What do progesterone and estrogen do

A

thicken uterine lining

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10
Q

What are proximate explanations of fecundity when energy balance is positive

A

positive energy balance leads to greater insulin and greater fat storage and greater ovarian function

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11
Q

What are proximate explanations of fecundity when energy balance is negative

A

negative energy balance leads to increased cortisol and lower fat storage and decreased ovarian function

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12
Q

what is energy status

A

stored energy

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13
Q

what is energy balance

A

intake - expenditure

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14
Q

what is energy flux

A

energy turnover (bank analogy)

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15
Q

seasons are…..

A

a good predictor of energy availability and expenditures

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16
Q

in a small village in rural Poland fall and winter months characterized by

A
  • low physical demands, no agricultural work
  • harvest and haying in summer, greater expenditure
  • progesterone levels lower in summer - ovarian suppression
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17
Q

who is Wenda Trevathan

A
  • evolution of human birth process and its consequences
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18
Q

When did bipedalism emerge

A

6-4 mya in homininds
- positive selection for bipedalism =changes in how give birth

19
Q

what is sagittal plane

A

cut someone in two equal halves

20
Q

what is coronal plane

A

cut someone into front and back halve

21
Q

what is transverse plane

A

cut someone at centre

22
Q

what is the birthing process in quadrupeds

A
  • entrance and exit of birth canals are oriented front to back (sagittaly) (similar in primates)
23
Q

birthing process in humans

A
  • birth canal twisted in middle
  • inlet is broadest in transverse and outlet is in the sagittal
  • maximum breadths of entrance and exit of
    birth canal are perpendicular to each other
  • human infant head largest in sagittal, shoulders broader in coronal
  • pelvic’s inlet and outlet planes are perpendicular
    *head rotations
24
Q

What would be the risks for human babies if mothers adhere to standard primate birthing process

A
  • break neck
25
Q

summary of human birth

A
  • babies born usually facing away from mom
  • increased risk if give birth alone
  • argued human birth becoming a social enterprise
26
Q

Labor and delivery in clinical settings has increased risk for

A
  • use of drugs
  • use of fetal monitoring
  • posture for about and delivery
  • concern with contamination
  • episiotomy
  • c section
  • *CHANGES IN SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
27
Q

what does the change in social environment giving birth mean?

A

potential mismatch between evolved needs of women during labour and the contemporary medical system

28
Q

What are interventions for mismatch between evolved needs during labour and medical system?

A
  • work with midwife
  • add a doula
29
Q

What do midwives and doulas add

A

emotional and social support —-> more positive feelings, self esteem, better obstetric outcomes, increased breastfeeding

30
Q

What is required for successful reproduction

A
  • energy
  • social support
  • logistic support
  • appropriate health status
  • economic resources
31
Q

How does the body identify inauspicious times for reproduction

A
  • physiologic alarm triggered by effect of those inauspicious times or anxiety generated by the prospect of future inauspicious times
  • **STRESS
32
Q

limits of previous studies on stress and female reproduction

A

experimental stress + specific stressors (ex: athletes) do not equal real life stress?

33
Q

what is the definition of real life stress

A

the combination of all daily stressors faced by individuals in the course of their lives

34
Q

What is a model of real life stress

A

energetic stressors, psychosocial stressors, health stressors interact with each other and lead to cortisol

35
Q

What were Pablo’s predictions in menstrual cycle and early pregnancy and cortisol

A
  1. increased cortisol = deleterious changes in profiles of reproductive hormones during menstrual cycle
  2. increased cortisol during placentation period (3 weeks) will be associated with pregnancy loss
36
Q

Why is the first three weeks of gestation important

A
  • placentation = period of critical vulnerability for fetus in terms of maternal stress
  • mother fetus conflict during placentation
37
Q

Before placentation ovarian steroids produced by ……. are crucial for ………

A

corpus luteum….maintanence of pregnancy

38
Q

3 weeks after conception the ……. matures and ……… replace ……. as main source of steroids

A

placenta, embryonic tissue, CL

39
Q

maternal energetic investment and risks associated with pregnancy increase dramatically after placentation…. meaning….

A

the first 3 weeks of gestation might be the last window of opportunity where a woman’s body can interrupt a pregnancy relatively easily and cheaply

40
Q

what was Pablo’s study population

A
  • high ethnic and SE homogeneity
  • low use of modern contraceptives
  • smaller towns
41
Q

What was Pablo’s methodology

A
  • participants - porous, nominally fertile and married
  • 3 morning visits/week
  • morning urine and interview
  • 12 months of data collection
42
Q

what did Pablo’s study find

A
  • increased cortisol - untimely increases in progesterone during follicular phase (associated with reduced chance of conception)
  • increased cortisol - untimely increases in gonadotrophin (LH and FSH) both during the follicular and luteal phases (negatively affect ovulatory and luteinization processes)
43
Q

summary of Pablos study

A
  • increased cortisol - deleterious changes in FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone
  • within first 21 days after conception higher cortisol = higher risk of spontaneous abortion
  • ‘real life’ stressors associated with reproductive suppression in women

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