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216 > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

industrial revolution led to…

A

demographic change

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2
Q

Problems from demographic changes

A
  • accumulation of sewage
  • gray water
  • garbage
  • provision of clean water, food, energy
    SANITARY
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3
Q

What are solutions for the masses

A
  • hospitals
  • public health campaigns
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4
Q

potential solutions for sanitary problems

A

management systems = sewers, garbage, clean water supply

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5
Q

true or false hospitals contributed to outbreaks of highly virulent strains of viruses

A

true

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6
Q

what gave epidemiology as one of the main components of modern health sciences

A

outbreaks of infectious diseases
- emergence of medical maths establish epidemiology as a field

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7
Q

When were hospitals emerged

A

1800s

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8
Q

Important figure for evolution

A

Darwin

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9
Q

What is epidemiology

A

discipline that studies causes of disease looking at WHO is affected, WHERE diseases occur, WHEN they occur and the social, environmental, and lifestyle correlates of disease occurrence

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10
Q

What is disease

A

“biomedical measurable lesion, or an anatomical or physiological ‘irregularity’”

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11
Q

What is the traditional biomedical approach

A

dichotomous - healthy or sick

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12
Q

what are some ways to measure disease

A
  • suffering
  • statistical deviance
  • physical lesion

often correlate but are not sufficient to diagnose a disorder

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13
Q

What are defences

A

symptoms like cough or fever are not defects but are the body’s defences in action

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14
Q

What is the smoke detector principle

A

better to take action, because not doing so will have very bad repercussions

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15
Q

do traits evolve for to or because

A

because

for or to insinuate there is a greater purpose of evolution, when it is really just a process

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16
Q

What are the main categories of illness experiences

A
  • somatic experiences
  • mental dysfunction
  • suffering due to misfortune
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17
Q

does the carrier of illness have to be the one suffering

A

NO
- on occasion illness can be associated with higher reproductive success

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18
Q

what is psychopathies

A
  • deceitful and manipulative
  • superficial charm but lack empathy…
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19
Q

What is natural fallacy

A
  • the idea that something is natural it is good
    WRONG
    not just because it’s natural, doesn’t mean it’s good
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20
Q

Most traditional approach to health challenges the focus tends to be on

A
  1. treatment of immediate symptoms
  2. proximate causes, mechanisms
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21
Q

Why pain, fever, cancer, and negative emotions?

A

despite obvious costs, increase chances of surviving those challenges

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22
Q

What is health status from an evolutionary perspective

A

multidimensional. anatomical and physiological integrity and function can be modified as the result of lesions, genetic mutations, malfunction or in response to environmental challenges. Those changes may result in undesirable, painful, or uncomfortable outcomes

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23
Q

a holistic perspective should include

A

a full explanation, both proximate and ultimate explanations

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24
Q

should we analyze only ultimate or only proximate explanations

A

no, it would be a mistake

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25
Q

collection of epidemiological data

A
  1. analysis of vital stats on morbidity and mortality
  2. analysis of large scale population surveys and surveillance
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26
Q

who collects data

A

government, religious authorities, nurses, doctors, local health centers

27
Q

two main quantifiable outcomes

A
  • measures of morbidity
  • measures of mortality
28
Q

what are measures of morbidity

A
  • incidence and prevalence
29
Q

what is incidence

A

number of new cases during a particular time interval

30
Q

What is prevalence

A

The total number of all (old and new) cases of a disease in a given population during a particular time interval

31
Q

Why is the difference between prevalence and incidence largest when evaluating chronic conditions

A

chronic diseases have a long duration, increasing prevalence

32
Q

What are four basic designs

A
  1. RCT
  2. Cohort
  3. case control
  4. cross sectional
33
Q

what are cohort studies

A

follow same individuals through time (prospective and retrospective (naturalistic longitudinal studies))

34
Q

what is infectious disease/communicable disease

A

caused by specific agents or their toxic products which are transmitted from one person to another, directly or indirectly

35
Q

What is noninfectious disease

A

not transmitted from person to person

36
Q

what is endemic

A

presence of a certain disease at a relatively constant level at all times

37
Q

What is epidemic

A

when number of cases in a fairly localized area suddenly increases above the expected level for a short time

38
Q

What is pandemic

A

when number of cases increases worldwide

39
Q

What are key traits of infectious disease

A

virulence, transmissibility

40
Q

What is transmissibility

A

rate at which an infection spreads, usually depends on density of hosts and the virulence of the parasite population

41
Q

what is virulence

A

The relative effect of a pathogen on its host’s health…
- the ability of any agent of infection to produce disease, a measure of the severity of the disease a pathogen is capable of causing

42
Q

What are different types of transmission

A
  1. directly transmitted diseases - transmission via direct contact between hosts
  2. indirectly transmitted diseases
43
Q

What are types of directly transmitted diseases

A
  1. horizontal - any form of transmission that is not maternal and through direct contact between individuals
  2. vertical transmission - maternal transmission from mother to offspring
44
Q

What are types of indirectly transmitted diseases

A
  1. vehicle born
  2. vector borne
45
Q

examples of direct transmission

A
  • respiratory, sexual, direct physical contact
46
Q

examples of indirect transmission

A
  1. vehicle
    - water born
    - food born
    - soil born
    - needle sharing
  2. vector
    - mosquitoes
    - ticks
    - fleas
    - lice
    - flies
47
Q

why are pathogens pathogens

A

because of their cost to the host

48
Q

where does costs to the hosts result from?

A

parasites’ use of the hosts resources or damage it causes to the host in its attempt to survive, reproduce and spread

49
Q

what do traditional health sciences tend to focus on

A

effects of virulence and proximate causes

50
Q

What does an evolutionary and ecological perspective provide

A

critical information about the ultimate causes of the patterns of virulence and transmission. info can be used to properly prevent and treat outbreaks

  • by focusing on life history of parasite and host simultaneously
51
Q

what is virulence the product of

A

complex interactions among evolutionary, ecological, and epidemiological processes

52
Q

examples of evolutionary and ecological changes affecting population dynamics of disease/affect virulence

A
  • spatial structuring
  • within host dynamics
  • polymorphism in host resistance
  • host longevity
  • population size
53
Q

natural selection leads to the optimization of

A

virulence strategies, which should vary according to the environment

54
Q

if we can control the _______ we can control their ______ and _________

A

environment, transmission, virulence

55
Q

do parasites not harm or kill host

A

FALSE

56
Q

describe life history trade offs between persistence (host survival_ and fecundity

A

given that greater host exploitation is likely to increase transmission rate but also to reduce host survival and, hence, the time available for transmission.

57
Q

Why does vertical transmission tend to reduce virulence

A

vertical transmission tends to depend on host survival and reproduction

58
Q

what is cordyceps

A

influence nervous system to alter host behaviour

59
Q

What is direct life cycle

A

only one definitive host

60
Q

how does transmission increase in parasites with a direct life cycle

A

increased social contact with conspecifics

61
Q

What is indirect life cycle

A

lifecycle includes more than 1 host species

62
Q

What is a way pathogens spread when they have an indirect life cycle

A

predation….if pathogens hosted by prey may change behaviour so risk of predation increased

63
Q

What is a way pathogens spread when its an STD

A

increased sexual behaviour/hidden symptoms so more sex

64
Q

What do we need to develop preventative strategies and treatments

A

understand parasite’s life cycle and the strategies it uses to reach its hosts (genetic, physiological, behavioural)

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