Lecture 4

Question 1

What is Human Demography

Answer 1

Studies changes in population size, structure, and geographic distribution

Question 2

Changes in population size, structure and geographic distribution are the result of? (*AND AFFECT)

Answer 2

1. fertility
2. mortality
3. migration

Question 3

Why should health researchers care about demography and factors affect population dynamics

Answer 3

demography, population health, & economic social cultural factors and ecological and biological processes

ALL AFFECT EACH OTHER

Question 4

What can you learn from an age structure pyramid

Answer 4

• frequencies of ages in a pop
• male female ratio

Question 5

What is population growth rate

Answer 5

r = birth rate + net migration - death rate

Question 6

What is life expectancy

Answer 6

Average number of years remaining for an individual

Question 7

What is age patterns of mortality

Answer 7

age specific mortality rates (fraction of cohort alive at the START OF THE INTERVAL)

Question 8

What is sex differentials

Answer 8

women tend to live longer than males (with some exception) in contemporary industrialized populations

Question 9

What impacts human fertility

Answer 9

• variation in male fecundity
• variation in female fecundity

Question 10

How important is variation in male fecundity for HD

Answer 10

not as important as female fertility

Question 11

why is variation in female fecundity critical for HD

Answer 11

• age
• energetics
• lactation
• disease
• social environment

Question 12

What explains variation in female fecundity

Answer 12

• ovarian hormone levels
• frequency of ovulation
• size of follicle before ovulation
• thickness of the uterine lining
• fetal loss

Question 13

do faster reproductive rates (shorter IBI) result in population growth?

Answer 13

not always, they can be associated with shorter life spans by increased maternal and child morbidity and mortality

Question 14

What are some social regulations of human fertility

Answer 14

• regulation of formation of reproductive unions
• exposure to intercourse
• probability of conception and birth, given intercourse
• pattern of intercourse within reproductive unions
• behavioural regulation of probability of conception and live birth

Question 15

how does disease impact female fecundity

Answer 15

• STDs - blockage of fallopian tubes
• infections during childbirth -> damage to the reproductive tract
• Malaria -> increase rate of embryonic loss

Question 16

What is the demographic transition

Answer 16

• transition from high death and birth rates to low death and birth rates

Question 17

What are associated factors to demographic transition

Answer 17

• energetic resources
• contraceptive methods
• negative social attitudes towards larger families and increased cost per offspring

Question 18

What was McKeown’s potential causes for decline in mortality and his conclusion

Answer 18

• host parasite interactions
• introduction of effective sanitary systems
• development of modern medicine
• improvements in nutrition ***

Question 19

What is the view …. takes on decline of mortality

Answer 19

• multiple factors acting in synergy and resulting in emergent properties

Question 20

What is migration

Answer 20

a permanent of semi-permanent change in location to a completely new geographical region

Question 21

Which individual factors determine migration patterns

Answer 21

• age and gender
• voluntary internal migration
• invasion migration
• forced migration

Question 22

What is voluntary internal migration

Answer 22

• following industrial development
• from country side following urbanization
• urban to urban migration may decline with improved communication

Question 23

What are the two invasion migration

Answer 23

uncontested migration and contested migration

Question 24

What is uncontested migration

Answer 24

migration into a region previously unoccupied by humans

Question 25

What is contested migration

Answer 25

migration into a region occupied by another population

Question 26

true or false debate is paramount to science

Answer 26

true

Question 27

true or false hard data requires interpretation and interpretation is ALWAYS subjective

Answer 27

true

Question 28

What is inductivism

Answer 28

simplistic understanding of natural laws

Question 29

What are historical and economic factors needed to be considered when making demographic predictions

Answer 29

• increases in consumption
• inequities in resource distribution and opportunities and power differentials at local and global levels

Question 30

what is population momentum

Answer 30

The world population will continue to expand due to momentum from previous generations where growth rates were higher

Question 31

what is one consequence of large population sizes/large consumption

Answer 31

pollution

Question 32

the total impact a population has on its environment is a combination of ______ and ______

Answer 32

fertility rates, levels of consumption

Question 33

can human population and consumption grow indefinitely

Answer 33

no, either we decrease them or nature will do it for us

Question 34

What are current strategies for the population/resource issue?

Answer 34

1. reduce fertility - but not enough, linked with increased consumption
2. technology - inductivist?
3. Reduce consumption - primitive mind doesn’t hold back on consumption
4. New strategies - social incentives and disincentives