Lecture 8: governance Flashcards
What are the 3 ways of attaining legitimate governance?
Consent
Consensus
Concord
Who described climate change as a ‘wicked’ problem?
Rayner and Okereke, 2007
What are 7 reasons why climate change is so difficult to tackle?
- Time-scale of problem (urgency is tame)
- Vested interests divert government attention
- Causes and impacts are global
- interdependence and feedbacks involved
- Large uncertainty
- Only partially formed global institutions to handle problem
- Not a silver bullet solution
- Does not fit well with current manner of politics
What are the overriding factors for how climate change is a difficult problem to solve?
Scale, uncertainty, culturally complex, multiple actors involved
Outline the scale factor for why climate change is difficult to handle
global issue with global impacts but with asymetrical variation which affects multiple levels. Furthermore,, the problem can be directly manifested for different regions and localities.
Outline the uncertainty factor for why climate change is difficult to handle
long term problem but with short-term consequences, no silver bullet solution, cross cuts lots of different spheres of society
Outline the culturally complex factor for why climate change is difficult to handle
Temporarily and spatially distant, the risk is not always tangible in daily life and has different meanings for different people.
Outline the multiple actors involved factor for why climate change is difficult to handle?
multiple industry sectors, different lobby groups, financial groups/bodies, different scales of government intertwined
What was the UNFCCC created for?
To grapple above issues of handling climate change at international level
Outline 3 things that happened in the pre-1990 phase of historical international climate governance period
Club of Rome Limits to Growth
Bruntland Report
WMO, UNEP and IPCC all set up
Outline what happened in the 1991-1996 phase of historical international climate governance period
1992 Rio conference
What were 4 aspects of the Rio 1992 conference?
- common but differentiated responsibilities and capabilities
- global south particularly vulnerable
- New international blocks created
- Establishes conference of the parties (COP)
Outline what happened in the 1997-2001 phase of historical international climate governance period
Kyoto Protocol (1997)
What were 3 aspects of the Kyoto 1997 conference?
- quantified mitigation targets
- emissions trading, offsetting, sustainable forestry
- clean development mechanism created
How was 1997 Kyoto limited?
- Took till 2005 to come in to force
- Targets were too low
- Disagreement on key issues
- US withdrew
- China not classed as Annex1
What were 4 things that happened in the 2002-2007 phase of international climate governance history?
IPCC AR4
Stern Review
Kyoto’s clean development scheme
Bali (COP13) road map produced for post-kyoto
What were 4 things that happened in the 2008-2014 phase of international climate governance history?
Climategate scandal
Global financial crisis
Barack Obama elected
COP15 in Copenhagen
What were 2 aspects of the Copenhagen COP15?
Limit temperature rise to 2oC and transfer finances from developed to developing countries
What were 3 things that happened post 2014-?
- IPCC AR5
- China-US deal
- COP21
What was the China-US deal?
Both greatly reduce emissions
What was the limitations of the COP21 agreement?
Nationally determined contributions left complete responsibility in the hands of individual countries. No collective means of enforcement and there were few quantified specific targets
What did Barnett (2007) state with the problem of geopolitics of scale specifically to climate change?
Climate change may not be a compatible issue with political geography of territoriality bounded nations
What did Bulkeley (2005) state with the problem of geopolitics of scale specifically to climate change?
It is a multi scalar issue that requires multi-scale coordination which is quite challenging
What is an alternative form of governance to the international level that could have great promise?
Cities
What is the consent modality of authorisation? who produced it?
Monitoring and standard setting of bodies that all constituents must follow in order to avoid experiencing some form of exclusion. Bulkeley (2012)
What is an example consent modality?
Company leaderbords
What is the consensus modality of authorisation? who produced it?
arrangements seeks to secure constituents around common positions and translate their efforts in to standardised measures of benefits. Bulkeley (2012)
What is an example consensus modality?
unforseeable economic gains from certain actions that they can all understand
Who outlined all the reasons why climate change is such a difficult problem?
Rayner (2007)
What did Rayner (2007) state needed to change about current framing of climate change problem?
move away from current ones characterised by avoiding immediate costs/risks and accepting that there are inevitably going to be immediate costs involved if we are to make significant progress
What two options did Rayner (2007) outline as possible ways of effective emissions reduction?
- A global emissions reductions regime
2. coordinated orchestra of efforts to produce effective results
What are the limitations of the Copenhagen Accord that followed COP21 and who outlined them?
Dimitrov (2016) outlined that:
- nonbinding decleration
- unspecified lists of countries
- remarkably light in content with no global targets
- a free floating agreement without an institutional home and with ambiguous status in international law
What did Dimitrov (2016) outline was a slight bonus of the Copenhagen Accord?
It led to city policy initiatives and transnational city networks amongst hundreds of citiess
What did Betsil (2017) outline?
Trump’s suggestion that the Paris Accord infringes on US sovereignty overlooks the ‘bottom-up’ approach.
However, trump’s decision to withdraw may galvanise more aggressive action that would have occurred otherwise towards climate governance
How many Americans opposed the US withdrawal from COP21 accord?
59%
What is the C40 cities (2012) initiative?
Cities as the main tool to climate change governance
Why are cities likely to be a good way of governing climate change?
- Because city mayors are directly accountable to their constituents
- What cities do to address climate change can set the agenda for communities and governments elsewhere
- Majority of humans will live in cities and so it makes sense that our solution to climate change will reside there too
What has already been achieved in city-scale governance of climate change?
- City-to-city collaboration
2. Nearly 10,000 actions are in effect in C40 cities with over 78% of actions reported for expansion in 2015.
