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CHI 335 > Lecture 8 GI System Part 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 GI System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where can gluten specific proteins found in?

A
  1. Wheat
  2. Rye
  3. Oats
  4. Barley
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2
Q

What is Coeliac Disease 麵筋不耐症

A

Gluten malabsorption due to T-cell mediated hypersensitivity in persons with genetic predisposition.

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3
Q

Give me 9 clinical manifestation of Coeliac Disease.

A
  1. Weight loss ⭐️
  2. Diarrhea ⭐️
  3. Flatulence
  4. Steatorrhea
  5. Malodorous stool
  6. Borborygmus
  7. Abdominal bloating and pain ⭐️
  8. Fatigue ⭐️
  9. Nutrition deficiencies
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4
Q

Give me 2 diagnostic criteria for Coeliac Disease.

A
  1. Lab studies : Serum detection of antibodies against
  2. Diagnosis confirmed with small bowel biopsy.
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5
Q

What is obesity?

A

Excessive body fat (BMI > 30kg)

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6
Q

Give me 2 types of obesity.

A
  1. Hypertrophic: adipose cells increased in size
  2. Hypercellular: adipose cells increased in number
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7
Q

Give me 4 risk factors of obesity.

A
  1. Lifestyle (diet and exercise)
  2. Genetic
  3. Neurological mechanism and hormones
  4. Enzyme
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8
Q

Give me 2 Clinical Manifestation of obesity.

A
  1. Excessive weight and body fat
  2. Manifestation of its complications
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9
Q

Give me 2 Diagnostic Criteria of Obesity.

A
  1. Body mass index (BMI)
  2. History of physical exam
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10
Q

Give me 4 Obesity Complications.

A
  1. Diabetes
  2. Poor wound healing
  3. Gallstones
  4. Osteoarthritis
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11
Q

What is the rick factor (80% - 90%) of oral cancer.

A

Smoking cigarettes, cigars or pipes and chewing tobacco

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12
Q

Give me 4 clinical manifestations of oral cancer.

A
  1. difficult tasting
  2. dysphagia
  3. ulcer on tongue, lip or other oral structure
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13
Q

Give me 3 treatment of oral cancer.

A
  1. Radiation therapy
  2. Chemotherapy
  3. Surgical removal of malignant area.
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14
Q

What is the risk factor of gastritis?

A
  1. Bacteria or viruses
  2. Some medications
  3. use of alcohol, caffeine, spicy food
  4. Excessive eating
  5. poisons
  6. Stress
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15
Q

Give me 5 Clinical Manifestation of Gastrtitis.

A
  1. Nausea
  2. Lack of appetite
  3. Heartburn
  4. Vomiting
  5. Abdominal cramps
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16
Q

Give me 2 treatments of Gastritis.

A
  1. Avoid food or medication irritate the stomach lining
  2. Medication to reduce the production of stomach acid
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17
Q

Give me risk factor of Heartburn / GODR.

A

Refer to page 14
1. High protein meal
2. Smoking
3. Alcohol
4. Nitrates

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18
Q

Give me Hiatus Hernia.

A

Refer to page 15.

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19
Q

Give me 3 GORD management.

A
  1. Investigation (Endoscopy & biopsy)
  2. Lifestyle changes (stop smoking, small meal, avoid aggravating foods, avoid alcohol)
  3. Medication (Antacid, PPI/H2 blockers)
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20
Q

Give me 6 GORD complications.

A
  1. Oesophagitis
  2. Stritures
  3. Painful swallowing
  4. Bleeding
  5. Nocturnal asthma
  6. Adenocarcinoma due to long-lasting GORD
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21
Q

Describe Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD).

A

Ulceration in the upper GL tract.

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22
Q

Give me 2 most common types of peptic ulcer disease.

A
  1. Duodenal ulcer
  2. Gastric Ulcer
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23
Q

Give me 6 symptoms of PUD.

A
  1. Epigastric pain
  2. Hx of reflux
  3. Bloating & fullness with food
  4. Worse with food, or relieved by food
  5. Pain
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24
Q

Risk factor of PUD.

A
  1. H.pylori infection
  2. NASIDS
  3. Smoking
  4. Alcohol
  5. FHx
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25
Q

Complication of PUD.

A
  1. Perforation
  2. Bleeding
  3. Gastric outlet obstruction
26
Q

Give me the sign of PUD.

A
  1. Tenderness on palpating epigastric region
  2. Haematemesis
27
Q

Give me the management of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD).

A

Same as GORD
1. Investigation (Endoscopy & Biopsy, H.pylori investigation)
2. Lifestyle change (Stop smoking, losing weight, elevating head & chest when lying down, avoid aggravating foods, avoid alcohol)
3. Medication

28
Q

What is inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)?

A
  1. Includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease
  2. Unknown atieology
  3. Relapsing and remitting diseases
  4. high incidence rate and prevalence in Northern Europe, UK and North America.
29
Q

Give me 4 IBD systemic manifestation.

A
  1. fatty liver
  2. Iritis
  3. Mouth ulcers
  4. Venous thrombosis
30
Q

Give me 4 IBD (炎性肠病) complications.

A
  1. Toxic megacolon (Life threatening)
  2. Hemorrhage
  3. Fistula
  4. Cancer
31
Q

Describe about Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS).

A
  1. Functional GI Disorder
  2. Is a syndrome comprising abdominal sign and symptoms
  3. Most likely an intestinal motility problem
  4. Up to 20% prevalence
32
Q

Give me 7 triggers of IBS.

A
  1. depression , anxiety
  2. Psychological stress and trauma
  3. GI infection
  4. Antibiotic therapy
  5. Sexual, physical, verbal abuse
  6. Pelvic surgery
  7. Eating disorder
33
Q

Give me 7 features of IBS.

A
  1. Age: 20-40 years, Gender: F>M
  2. Central or lower abdominal pain or discomfort, relieve by defecation
  3. Alternating constipation & diarrhea is very common
  4. Mucus common with faeces (No bleeding)
  5. No constituitional sign and symptoms
  6. Aggravating by stress and menstruation
34
Q

Give me 9 risk factors of Diarrhea.

A
  1. Bacterial, viral or parasitic infections
  2. Ingestion of toxins
  3. food allergies
  4. Ulcers
  5. Crohn disease
  6. Laxative use
  7. antibiotics
  8. chemotherapy
  9. Radiation therapy
35
Q

Give me 2 symptoms of Diarrhea.

A
  1. Frequent passage of feces
  2. abdominal cramps
36
Q

How to manage Diarrhea.

A
  1. Drink clear fluids to prevent dehydration
  2. antidiarrheal medications.
37
Q

Give me couple of causes of constipation.

A
  1. Lack of physical activity
  2. Lack of adequate fiber and water in diet
  3. Use of certain medication.
38
Q

Give me the symptoms of constipation.

A
  1. Frequent bowel movement.
  2. bloating
  3. Abdominal pain
  4. Pain during bowel movements
39
Q

Give me 6 treatments of constipation.

A
  1. Increase in dietary fiber
  2. adequate fluid intake
  3. Regular exercise
  4. Use of stool softeners
  5. Laxatives (瀉藥)
  6. Enemas (灌腸劑)
40
Q

Describe 4 pathophysiology of acute appendicitis.

A
  1. Obstruction of the lumen
    1.1 infection
    1.2 IBD
    1.3 Faecel stasis
    1.4 Parasites
    1.5 Foreign Body
  2. Intraluminal pressure increase
  3. Venous outflow obstruction due to increase pressure
  4. Ischemia of appendices wall (Necrosis )
41
Q

Describe 5 clinical presentation of acute appendicitis.

A
  1. Acute onset of anorexia, nausea and vomiting
  2. Diarrhea
  3. Fever
  4. Pain, Start in umbilical and shift to right iliac fossa within jours
  5. Elevated WBC
42
Q

Describe 4 possible risk factors of acute appendicitis.

A
  1. Low-fibre, high sugar diet
  2. IBD
  3. FHx
  4. Infection
43
Q

Give me 2 complications of Acute Appendicitis.

A
  1. Perforation
  2. Peritonitis
44
Q

Give me a management or treatment of Acute appenditis.

A

Immediate referral to ED (Appendectomy)

45
Q

Give me 7 risk factors of Acute Appendicitis.

A
  1. Age
  2. DIet
  3. Smoking and obesity
  4. IBD
  5. Colorectal polyps
  6. Family history of colorectal cancer or polyposis
  7. Frequent pelvic / abdominal radiology
46
Q

Give me 3 prevention of Acute Appendicitis.

A
  1. Fruit and vegetables
  2. Calcium & Vitamin D
  3. Exercise
47
Q

Give me 6 clinical presentation of Colorectal Cancer (CRC).

A
  1. Altered bowel habits
  2. Melaene / haemotochezia
  3. Abdominal pain / LBP
  4. Anaemia / weight loss
  5. Unsatisfactory defecation
  6. Obstruction on perforation
48
Q

Give me 3 investigation of CRC.

A
  1. Abdominal examination
  2. Sigmoidoscopy / Colonoscopy
  3. imaging
49
Q

What is Hepatitis?

A

Liver inflammation associated with hepatocyte damage.

50
Q

Give me 2 causes of Hepatitis.

A
  1. Alcohol
  2. Viruses
51
Q

Give me 4 continuing problems of hepetitis.

A
  1. Existence of a chronic carrier state
  2. Increase risk of further liver disease
  3. Cirrhosis
  4. Liver cancer
52
Q

Give me 11 Clinical manifestation of Hepatitis.

A
  1. Mild fever
  2. Bloating
  3. Lack of appetite
  4. Nausea
  5. Vomiting
  6. Abdominal pain
  7. weakness
  8. jaundice
  9. itching of various body parts
  10. Enlarged liver
  11. Dark Urine
53
Q

What is Cirrhosis (肝硬化)?

A

Irreversible liver damage (Degeneration)
Necrosis of liver cells followed by fibrosis and nodule formation.

54
Q

Give me 4 causes of Cirrhosis.

A
  1. Alcohol
  2. Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C
  3. Genetic hemochromatosis
  4. Fatty liver disease
55
Q

Give me 4 complication of Cirrhosis.

A
  1. Impaired liver function
  2. Hepatic failure
  3. Portal hypertension
  4. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma
56
Q

Give me 4 effects of Chronic Liver Disease.

A
  1. Reduced metabolic activity of the liver
  2. Portal hypertension
  3. Impeded excretion of bile
  4. Pain
57
Q

Give me the 7 risk factors of Cholecystitis (膽囊炎).

A
  1. Age > 40
  2. Female sex
  3. Obesity ethnic groups
  4. Drugs
  5. Diabetes
  6. Sickle cell disease
  7. Pregnancy
58
Q

Give me 4 Clinical manifestations of Cholecystitis.

A
  1. Acute abdominal pain, pain referred to Right Shoulder
  2. Positive Murphy’s sign
  3. Palpable Mass, Peritoneal signs
  4. Steatorrhea (Pale, bulky, floating, malodorous stools)
59
Q

Give me 1 Clinical manifestation of Chronic Cholecystitis.

A

Milder symptoms of above, colic

60
Q

Give me 1 Clinical manifestation of Chronic Cholecystitis.

A

Milder symptoms of above, colic

CHI 335 (8 decks)

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