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CHI 335 > Lecture 7 Immune System > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is cellular immunity?

A

It works through a range of leukocytes. (Such as lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils)

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2
Q

What is T-lymphocytes

A
  1. Responsible for cellular immune attack
  2. Key facilitators of general immune response
  3. Activate B - cells and influence antibody production
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3
Q

What is Humoral Immunity?

A

It works through five classes of antibody. (immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM)

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4
Q

What is B-lymphocytes?

A

Responsible for antibody production

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5
Q

What is the function of neutrophil?

A

Important role in bacterial infection

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6
Q

What is the function eosinophils?

A

Modulate allergic reaction: Important in parasitic infection

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7
Q

What is the function of basophil?

A

Facilitate allergic reaction: Through the release of histamine, heparin and serotonin

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8
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

B cell differentiate into plasma cell. It secret Igs T-cells and NK cells attack microorganisms, foreign cells and cancer cells.

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9
Q

What is the function of Monocytes?

A

Macrophage

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10
Q

What are two types of Leukocyte type?

A

Granulocyte: Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes and monocytes

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11
Q

What is the function of IgA?

A

Mostly in body secretions, role in local community in mucous membranes.

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12
Q

What is the function of IgD?

A

Low levels in serum binds to B0-cells to act as an antigen receptor.

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13
Q

What is the function of IgE?

A

Least common in serum, binds to basophil and mast cells, involved in allergic reactions.

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14
Q

How does the body respond to injury or infection?

A

inflammation

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15
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Swelling, erythema, heat and pain

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16
Q

What does the changes of blood vessels during inflammation?

A

First constrict and dilate and also permeable or leaky.

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17
Q

What is the purpose of neutrophils and monocytes during inflammation?

A
  1. Leave the blood vessels to fight the infection
  2. Clean up the area
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18
Q

What are the three types of immune function commonly impaired in immunodeficiency (免疫缺陷)?

A
  1. Antibody activity
  2. Lymphocyte funtcion
  3. Phagocytosis
19
Q

Which two types of immunodeficiency can be classified?

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
20
Q

Are immunodeficiencies always present at birth?

A

Nope. Only happen in congenital conditions

21
Q

Are immunodeficiencies always present at develop later in life?

A

Only in acquired condition

22
Q

What is the definition of primary immunodeficiency?

A

Chiefly affects the immune system itself and its part.

23
Q

What is the definition of secondary immunodeficiency?

A

Affect immune function as consequence of a secondary cause elsewhere in the body.

24
Q

How to define t-cell disorder?

A

It is a primary immunodeficiencies.

25
Q

What cause the T-cell disorder?

A
  1. Impaired T-cell: T-cell activation and T-cell maturation.
  2. Frequent opportunistic fungal infection:
    Example DiGeorge syndrome: Deletion of part of Chromosome 22 and thymic aplasia
26
Q

What are B-cell disorders and how do they affect the body’s immune system?

A
  1. Commonly affect antibody production.
  2. may affect B-cell numbers
27
Q

What is the examples of B-cell disorder?

A
  1. Bruton’s agammagulobulinaemia
    Inherited (遺傳) condition — X - linked recessive condition
    Result in B-cell deficiency — > all antibodies decrease, frequent infections
  2. Selective IgA deficiency.
    Inherited condition, can be autosomal dominant or recessive
    Some increase in infection and increase in autoimmune or allergic disorders
28
Q

What is the combined T- and B- cell disorders

A

Defects in the development of lymphoid stem cells affect.
1. Differentiation of lymphocyte subpopulations
2. Lymphocytes numbers and/ or function

29
Q

What is the example of combined T- and B- cell disorders.

A

Sever combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
1. Various types: X-linked recessive most common
2. Profoundly susceptible to infection (極易感染)
3. Decrease antibody production
4. Decrease T-cells
5. Decrease natural killer cell number

30
Q

What are the primary immunodeficiencies?

A
  1. T- cell disorder
  2. B -cell disorder
  3. Combined T- and B- cell disorder
31
Q

What is the cause of secondary immunodeficiencies?

A
  1. Sever or prolonged stress
  2. Poor nutrition
  3. medications
  4. Infection
  5. Blood cancers
32
Q

What do sever or prolonged stress can result in?

A

Adernal gland hypertrophy:
1. Increase Glucocorticoid release
2. Decrease immune response
3. Atrophy of lymphoid tissue

33
Q

What do poor nutrition can result in?

A
  1. Decrease proteins to make antibodies or chemical mediators
  2. Decrease vitamins important for immunity — vitamins A, B, C and E
  3. Decrease minerals important for immunity — zinc and iron
34
Q

What do drug treatment can result in?

A
  1. Immunosuppression by design or side effect of their action.
  2. Example: corticosteroids, NSAIDs, antibiotics and anticancer drugs
  3. inhibit the production of immune/ inflammatory mediator
  4. Alter balance between normal flora and opportunistic pathogens
  5. inhibit the immune cell proliferation
35
Q

Infection may disrupt immune attack by

A
  1. Neutralising antibody
  2. Impaired lysosomal action of phagocytic enzymes
  3. Evading recognition by immune system and proliferating
36
Q

What is the symptoms of hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Symptoms vary depending on what part of the body is involved.
1. Inhaled often cause a runny nose, sneezing, coughing or wheezing.
2. Ingested causes nausea, diarrhea, vomiting or abdominal-cramps
3. Skin allergens causes rashes
4. Systemic allergens are often the most life-threatening coz they are affect many organ system.

37
Q

Describe about Anaphylaxis.

A
  1. Life threatening condition.
  2. Blood vessels dilate so quickly and blood pressure drops very suddenly.
  3. Without treatment, patients may go into anaphylactic shock and die.
38
Q

Clinical manifestation of type 1 hypersensitivity.

A

Localized inflammatory response affecting
1. Skin –> Rash
2. Airways –. Hay fever or asthma
3. Gastrointestinal tract –> abdominal cramping

Systemic in response to mediation or blood-borne (血源性)

Anaphylactic (過敏反應) reaction resulting in
1. Systemic inflammatory response
2. Significant decrease in blood pressure
3. Shift in intravascular fluid to interstitial space
4. Shock
5. Death

39
Q

What is the management of type 1 hypersensitivity such as anaphylaxis?

A
  1. Airway management
  2. Adrenaline
  3. IV hydrocortisone
  4. Antihistamines
  5. bronchodilator
  6. Mast cell stabilizers
  7. Fluid support
  8. ⭐️Educate avoidance of causative allergen⭐️
40
Q

What are the examples of Type II hypersensitivity?

A
  1. Antibodies may bind to to and destroy neuromuscular ACh receptors –> myasthenia gravis
  2. Antibodies result in the destruction of RBC –> mismatched ABO blood transfusion or haemolytic disease of the newborn.
41
Q

What is the example of Type III hypersensitive?

A
  1. Arthus reaction –> vasculitis and tissue necrosis
  2. Serum sickness –> after intravenous administration of antisera

▪ Arthus反應→血管炎和組織壞死
▪ 血清病 → 靜脈注射抗血清後
▪ 抗原抗體複合物廣泛沉積到各種組織中

42
Q

What are the examples of Type IV hypersensitivity?

A
  1. Contact dermatitis
  2. diabetes mellitus – type 1
  3. Chronic graft rejection
  4. Granulomatous disease
    4.1. A mass of inflammatory cells occupy a spheroid tissue lesion
    4.2 Lesion unable to be removed
    4.3 Lesion become fibrotic and necrotic
    4.4 E.g. Tuberculosis
43
Q

Describe the feature of autoimmune disorders.

A
  1. Associate with loss of tolerance to “self” antigens.
  2. Body doesn’t recognize a part of itself. Consider it “foreign” and attacks its own antigens.
44
Q

What is the loss of self tolerance may develop through?

A
  1. Thymic education of T-cells
  2. Bone marrow education of B-cells
  3. Maintenance of “privileged” sites (Brain, testicle and pregnant uterus)

CHI 335 (8 decks)

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