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PSYC 304 - Child Dev > Lecture 8 - Emotional Development > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - Emotional Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are Emotions?

A

Combination of physiological and cognitive responses.

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2
Q

What makes up emotions?

A

Neural Responses (Amygdala Activation)
physiological factors (Tachycardia)
Subjective Feelings (Fear)
Urge to Act (Run)
Expression (Mouth Gaping)

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3
Q

What are Basic Emotions?

A

innate emotions that were/are important to survive.
Present across all cultures.

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4
Q

What makes up Basic Emotions?

A

Happiness
Anger
Fear
Disgust
Sadness
Surprise

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5
Q

What is the caveat of emotions that are not Basic in nature?

A
  1. Not culturally universal
  2. Develop later in life
    Are either a combination of basic emotions or variation of intensity of a basic emotion.
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6
Q

How do we understand emotions in babies?

A

By using a coding system based on facial expressions seen in adults (for comparison) and linking facial expressions/muscle movements to certain emotions.

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7
Q

What are the two emotional states that are innate? How are they demonstrated?

A

Positive & Negative. Through Approach & Withdrawal/Cry Behaviour.

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8
Q

What is the only emotion we are truly born with?

A

Happiness.

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9
Q

Why can’t we say for certain we are born with Sadness?

A

Since crying is a sign of distress and not indicative of an expression of anger or sadness.

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10
Q

What is the emotional emergence timeline and how is it measured.

A

A predictable sequence over the first year of life wherein 6 basic emotions emerge.
First incidence measured by when a child first shows facial expressions tied to a certain emotion.

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11
Q

Why is Happiness Adaptive?

A

Helps us approach situations that will increase our chances of survival.

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12
Q

Happiness Timeline

A

Birth: Smiles are reflexive and provoked by biological states (satiated)
2-3 Months: Social Smiles emerge when interacting with parents.
5 Months: First laughs. What a child finds funny is based on language and cognitive development.

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13
Q

Why is Anger Adaptive?

A

Allows us to defend ourselves and overcome obstacles.

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14
Q

Anger Timeline

A

4 Months: First expression.
2 years: Peak in tendency to react with anger via facial expressions.

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15
Q

What are the Terrible Two’s?

A

Around age 2 anger reactivity is high, since children cannot properly communicate and express themselves.

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16
Q

Why is Fear Adaptive?

A

Motivates us to escape danger and solicit protection.

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17
Q

Fear Timeline

A

7 Months: First Expression.
8 Months: Fear of strangers and separation from caregivers (lasts until 15 months).

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18
Q

What is the connection between fear and happiness development?

A

Both what makes us laugh and feel scared changes as we age.

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19
Q

Why is Surprise Adaptive?

A

When things function contrary to our beliefs, we are forced to learn.

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20
Q

Why is Disgust Adaptive?

A

Helps us avoid bacteria, poison and disease.

21
Q

Why is Sadness Adaptive?

A

Elicits comfort from others. Not seen before object permanence, hence why it is a reaction to separation.

22
Q

What is Disgust often first expressed towards?

A

Food

23
Q

Self-Conscious Emotions

A

Emerge once a child has a sense of self (18 months) and an appreciation of what caregivers’ expectations are (2 years).
Consist of Guilt, Shame, Embarrassment, Pride, Empathy.

24
Q

Guilt

A

Feelings of regret relating to own behaviour with desire to reconcile.

25
Q

Shame

A

Self-oriented feeling of failure associated with desire to hide consequences.

26
Q

Which emotion is healthier between guilt and shame?

A

Guilt

27
Q

Give examples to link how parental reactions affect guilt/shame feelings

A

If emphasis is on action, child feels guilt.
If emphasis is on behaviour, child feels shame.

28
Q

What are the cultural differences in self-conscious emotions?

A

Individualistic Cultures: Pride
Collectivistic Cultures: Guilt & Shame.

29
Q

How do Infants Recognise Emotions in Others?

A

Infants learn to Recognise Emotions in others before they can express them (observational learning).
3 Months: Happiness, Anger, Fear
7 Months: Disgust, Sadness, Surprise

30
Q

Social Referencing

A

Stems from ability to Recognise Emotions in parents.
Infants use tone of voice and facial expressions in order to interpret how to act.

31
Q

Social Referencing & Visual Cliff

A

Infants more confident if parent has reassuring, positive facial expressions.
Demonstrates that children can distinguish between emotional states and rely on parents’ reactions for how to proceed.

32
Q

What are two emotional recognition abilities that develop at 5?

A

the ability to understand that people can feel more than one emotion at once + the ability to distinguish between real and fake emotions.

33
Q

What drives the two abilities that present at 5?

A

Display Rules: Understanding of where, when and how to express emotions. Crucial for interactions and socialisation.

34
Q

What can children learn from false emotions?

A

How to display their own false emotions

35
Q

Emotional Regulation

A

Set of emotions used to manage conscious and unconscious emotions expression. Gradual development throughout childhood.

36
Q

Co-Regulation

A

Parents helps regulate child’s emotions by soothing/distracting.

37
Q

What is unique about the 5 month mark and emotional regulation?

A

Rudimentary ability to self-comfort and self-distract.

38
Q

What is unique about the 6-8 year mark and emotional regulation?

A

Children can use cognitive and problem-solving strategies to regulate emotions.

39
Q

Why is emotional regulation important?

A

Higher overall well-being
More socially adaptive, better liked
Better academic performance

40
Q

How does emotional regulation develop?

A

Motor Development: Greater ability to move allows us to better self-soothe/distract.
Increased Parental Expectation: Children expected to improve at regulating emotions and internalise these expectations.
Cognitive Development: Improve Attention and Inhibition.

41
Q

What did the Pager study show about Teen Emotion?

A

Teens reported briefer yet more intense emotions. hence, they are more moody.

42
Q

What did the longitudinal study show about Teen emotion?

A

Happiness Decreases
Anxiety and Sadness Increases
Anger prevalent during early adolescence.

43
Q

Implications of Teen Emotion Findings

A

Hard to distinguish between normal negative emotions and mental health issues. Noticeable gender differences (worse in females) + struggling to cope with changes lead to depression.

44
Q

What is noted about impulsivity in teens?

A

Across culture and time teens have seen increased impulsivity, which follows a mountain trajectory.

45
Q

What is a benefit of impulsivity?

A

Encourages exploration

46
Q

What Three domains change leading to change in teens’ emotions?

A

Cognitive (Advanced abstract thinking allow for multiple interpretations)
Social (Stronger drive for autonomy, less time with family, school becoming more challenging).
Neurobiological changes in limbic system (emotional + reward processing) and Prefrontal Cortex (executive functions + self-awareness).

47
Q

What causes changes in Limbic System?

A

Synaptogenesis of Dopamine Receptors.
Nucleus Accumbens Activation positively associated with risk-taking.

48
Q

Why is PFC relevant?

A

Unmyleniated and not synaptically pruned PFC is immature until mid 20, leading to poor Inhibition, impulse control and planning.

49
Q

Implications of Neurobiological underdeveloped nature?

A

Emotional Changes can be attributed to maturational mismatch between PFC and Limbic System (Limbic System First).
Heightened Emotions and Reward Processing with underdeveloped Self-Awareness and Executive Functioning.

PSYC 304 - Child Dev (9 decks)

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