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Equine Nutr > Lecture 8 - diseases > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Malnutrition causes?

A

immunosuppression

- increases risk of infection

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2
Q

What about horses magnifies problem feeding practices

A

small stomach capacity

tight sphincters

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3
Q

Factors that compound nutrition related diseases

A

Stall confinement

increased housing density

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4
Q

USA national health monitoring system report for 2000

A
  • 13% of all horses (exlcuding racetracks) suffered from laminitis
  • 4.7% had to be euthinized
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5
Q

Laminitis

A
  • 2nd most lethal condition of horses following colic
  • lamellae of hooves weaken and inflammation sets in with onset foot pain
  • lamellae normally support suspensory apparatus, which attaches to coffin bone
  • lamellae separate from coffin bone inside hoof and the weight forces it down into the hoof capsule, can even perforate the sole
  • disturbance in blood flow can change growth rate of hoof wall
  • heel grows fast than toe, growth rings of hooves
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6
Q

Hoof composition

A

distal phalanx (coffin or pedal bone)
lamellae
navicular bone
deep flexor tendon

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7
Q

Acute vs Chronic Laminitis

A

Acute

  • 24-72hrs
  • shifting of weight from toes to heels

Chronic
-4 or 5 days +

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8
Q

Determining whether chronic laminitis has occurred?

A

Growth rings on hooves

- the more space out the rings at the heal, more likely chronic

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9
Q

Major cause of laminitis

A

Carbohydrates

  • high intake of soluble from overgrazing of lush pasture
  • overload of grain and forages
  • excess undigested in SI and fermented in cecum and LI
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10
Q

How laminitis develops - LI to stomach

A

Carbs fermented in cecum and LI

  • large increase of lactic acid producing bacteria (anaerobic lactobacilli and streptococci)
  • decreases intracecal pH from 7 to 4
  • proliferation of starch fermenting organisms declines because of low pH
  • lactic acid accumulation causes damage to intestinal mucosa
  • increased permeability of intestinal epithelium to bacteria and endotoxins
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11
Q

How Laminitis develops - intestinal bacteria

A

Increased permeability of intestinal epithelium

  • intestinal bacteria produce metabolites that activate metalloproteinases in the hoof wall
  • weekens bond between hoof wall and coffin bone
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12
Q

How laminitis develops - endotoxins

A

endotoxemia - endotoxins from stomach reach blood

- reduces blood flow to the lamella of the hoof

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13
Q

How laminitis develops - biogenic amines

A

Increase lactic acid in intestinal tract

  • causes microbial breakdown of amino acids
  • have hormone like properties including vasoconstrictor effects
  • cause constriction of digital arteries and veins via stimulation of serotonergic receptors or displacement of norepinephrine from perivascular nerves
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14
Q

Biogenic amines

A 
serotonin
epinephrine
norepinephrine
putrescine
spermine
spermidine
histamine
tryamine
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15
Q

Lactic acid producing bacteria

A

lactobacilli

streptococci

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16
Q

First signs of laminitis

A

lameness and awkward stature

  • from decreased blood flow
  • caused by endotoxemia and biogenic amines
17
Q

Cool season grasses have high concentration of

A

fructan

  • fructose rich polymers
  • not degraded in small intestine
  • higher risk of laminitis
18
Q

Cool season grass examples

A 
perennial
rye
timothy 
brome
orchard grass
small grains - oats, wheat, barely
19
Q

warm season grass examples

A

bluestem
crabgrass
switchgrass
Bermuda grass

20
Q

soluble carbohydrate content of plants is affected by

A

plant species
season
time of day
weather and soil fertility

21
Q

Main risk factor of laminitis

- steps in preventing this

A

consumption of lush pasture

  • monitor time on pasture
  • fructan content in grass highest in spring and early summer
  • fructan peaks during the day, so early morning and evening grazing is recommended
  • stems are consumed with overgrazing, has highest fructan content
  • laminitis complications minimized with mineral oil or activated charcoal
  • early cut hay should not be avoided
  • fall cold stress may cause premature hay, high fructan
22
Q

Non structural carbohydrates (NSC)

A

simple sugars, starch and fructans

23
Q

NSC recommendation

A

15% NSC to minimize laminitis risk

24
Q

Exertional Rhabdomyolysis caused by

A

results from skeletal muscle injury

- cell membrane ruptures, cell contents leak into blood

25
Q

Exertional Rhabdomyolysis characterized by

A

Elevated blood myoglobin, creatine kinase, aspertate aminotransferase and aspertate transaminase

myoglobinuria - dark discolouration to urine (black water)

26
Q

Exertional Rhabdomyolysis other names

A

tying up
azoturia
black water
monday morning disease

27
Q

Exertional Rhabdomyolysis first found

A

draft horses

  • work 6 days a week, rest on sunday
  • stiff hindquarters on monday morning after rest, difficulty rising
  • Monday Morning Disease
28
Q

Exertional Rhabdomyolysis symptoms

A

profuse sweating
increased pulse and respiration rates
discoloured urine (myoglobinuria)

29
Q

Exertional Rhabdomyolysis two subcategories

A
  1. PSSM - Polysaccharide storage myopathy
    - mainly quarter horses, warm bloods and draft breeds
    - characterized by abnormal muscle glycogen metabolism
  2. RER - Recurrent ER
    - thoroughbreds in training, Arabs and standardbreds
    - abnormal intercellular calcium metabolism in muscle and abnormal contraction of muscle fibers
30
Q

Exertional Rhabdomyolysis diagnosing

A

Blood CK levels

  • rise 2 - 12 hours following muscle injury
  • peak 1-3 days following injury
  • can reach 5x normal
31
Q

Cause of muscle stiffness in Exertional Rhabdomyolysis

A

Rapid calcium influx into muscle cells cause necrosis and muscle stiffness

  • theory
32
Q

Susceptibility to ER dependent on

A 
age
sex
temperate
exercise levels
lameness
- nervous animals higher risk
33
Q

Severe recurrent ER metabolite concentrations

A

low blood sodium, calcium and chloride
elevated potassium and phosphorus
- excess sweating and release of electrolytes from damages cells

34
Q

Specific dietary problem with ER and performance horses

A

energy dense diets are required for performance - but also promote ER
- high fat low starch provide concentrated energy may benefit

35
Q

Race horses typical diet

- how to change diet

A

sweet feed

  • high starch feed
  • contains corn, oats, wheat meddling and molasses
  • most likely to cause ER

introduction to a new diet could take up to 3 months
- vegetable oil added to rice bran improve palatability

36
Q

Current thought on ER cause

A

abnormal calcium homeostasis in skeletal muscle

  • cramps caused because calcium not released to cells
  • VitE and selenium no benefit

Equine Nutr (5 decks)

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