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Equine Nutr > lecture 10 - diseases 2 > Flashcards

lecture 10 - diseases 2 Flashcards

1
Q

1 cause of death in domestic horses

A

colic

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2
Q

symptoms of colic

A
  1. abnormal behavior: pawing or kicking at abdomin
  2. abnormal posture: stretching for minutes at a time
  3. abnormal appearance: bloating or distention of abdomin
  4. abnormal body functions: constipation
  • all shown even in minor cases
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3
Q

cause of colic - concentrate feeding

A

concentrate feeding

  • large meals high starch reduce ingesta flow rates
  • excess carbs reach colon for fermentation
  • microbial population shift, lowering pH
  • bacteria synthesize high amounts of lactic and propionic acid
  • microbial shift causes inability to ferment fibre from hay
  • consumption of hay causes blockage with non-fermented fibers
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4
Q

reduction of colic in performance horses

A

small meals and access to hay

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5
Q

cause of colic - hay quality

A
  • lignin is not fermented
  • can block ingesta through large intestine
  • mature plants higher lignin content
  • mold groth destroys other fibres, increase relative lignin concentration
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6
Q

cause of colic - parasites

A 
parasites ex. strongyles
- infect lining of cecum and colon
- cause inflammation and changes in intestinal motility which lead to colic
tapeworms (anoplocephala perfoliata)
- attach to mucosa of ileum and cecum
- large can block narrow illeum
- reduce motility in colon
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7
Q

colic dietary prevention

A
  • 2 large meals per day can exceed stomach capacity
  • inability for horse to vomit can result in gastric blockage
  • frequent small meals reduces risk of blockage
  • pasture time and adequate hay reduces colic risk
  • changes in feed introduced slowly allowing time for microflora to adjust
  • exercise increase motility while minimizing gas
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8
Q

heaves

A

pulmonary edema

  • loss of lung elasticity
  • accumulation of air in lung tissue
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9
Q

heaves common cause

A

dust in lung tissue

- inhalation of dust from moldy feeds and dusty beding

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10
Q

heaves signs

A

coughing
difficulty breathing
nasal discharge

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11
Q

heaves treatment

A

turning horses out to pasture

  • feeding of pellets and sprinkling hay in water shown to help
  • includes fibre sources into pellets (beet pulp, citrus pulp) can also help
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12
Q

ulcer can be caused by

A

physical charateristics of feed

- too fine a grind of grain

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13
Q

problem with existance of ulcers

A

destroys epithelial tissues of esophagus stomach and intestines
- malabsorption and death

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14
Q

key contributor to ulcer development

A
  • HCl constantly secreted, only grazing animals continuously eat
  • Parasites
  • fermentation in stomach causes VFAs, that trigger ulceration
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15
Q

hyperlipemia

A

excessive concentrations of lipid, mostly TIGs, in blood

  • strong genetic component
  • lipids in blood typically 100-500mg/ld
  • disease 1700mg/dl
  • seen when capacity to metabolize lipids is exceeded
  • excess mobalization of adipose tissue during weight loss from reduced food intake
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16
Q

wood chewing characteristics and cause

A 
condition were horses eat stalls, fences and gates
- lack of roughage in diet
causes
- inadequate mineral nutrition
- completely pelleted diet
17
Q

wood chewing prevention

A

increasing fibre length of hang ground for inclusion in pellets decreases problem

18
Q

equines cushing disease (ECD)

A

disease of the pituitary gland

  • is a chronic progressive neuroendocrine disease
  • mostly older horses
  • insulin resistance and laminitis
  • pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction - regulation by dopamine is lost
  • polyuria and polydipsia from excess sweating
  • hirsutism, long curly coat that doesnt shed in spring
19
Q

cushing disease - loss of control of pituitary gland

A

by dopamine

  • increase peptide hormone secretion
  • hyperplasia of pars intermedia and adrenal cortex
  • adrenal cortex increase corticosteroid production
  • chronic excessive production of adrenocorticotropin stress hormone, increases blood cortisol
  • high endorphins, relieves pain and biomarker for diagnosis
20
Q

cushing disease - hormone change effect on health

A

high adrenocorticotropin, raises cortisol

  • catabolic state typical of stress
  • immunodeficiency
  • catabolism of protein reserves (muscle)
  • insulin resistance

elevated endorphin levels

  • more docile
  • pain tolerant
21
Q

hirsutism

A

symptom of cushing disease

- long curely haired coat that fails to shed in the spring

22
Q

cushing disease prevention

A

increase dietary fat will minimize complications due to insulin resistance
sufficient exercise prevents obesity and increases blood flow to minimize laminitis

23
Q

Insulin resistance - risk factor for what diseases

A

laminitis
hyperlipedia
equine cushing’s disease

24
Q

insulin resistance

A

normal metabolic response to circulating insulin is not seen in adipose tissue, liver and muscle

25
Q

insulin resistance cause

A

consumption of high-glycemic sweet feeds which alter sensitivity

  • resistance effected by fat/muscle ratio, physical activity and diet
  • seen in obese, fasting and inactive horses
  • breed differences
  • impaired cell signalling - before, at, or distal to cell receptor
26
Q

insulin resistance effects

A

hyperinsulinemia
hyperglycemia
glucose intollerance
hyperlipidemia

Equine Nutr (5 decks)

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