lecture 8- congenital conditions

Question 1

what is a congenital condition?

Answer 1

hereditary or acquired prenatal change

Question 2

what is anencephaly

Answer 2

failure of cranial fault and most of brain to form due to early fusion of cranial sutres

Question 3

what is a cleft palate or lip?

Answer 3

congenital fissure of hard palate with a passageway between oral and nasal cavities. can sometimes be fatal if infant cannot feed

Question 4

what is hydrocephalus?

Answer 4

swelling of the cranial vault caused by an excess of cerebrospinal fluid. often fatal in the past and if not drained properly

Question 5

craniosynostosis

Answer 5

the premature fusion of one or more sutures causing the shape of an infants skull to grow deformed

Question 6

microcephaly

Answer 6

underdeveloped cranial vault and brain size 3+ below the average mean. usually reflects underdevelopment of the brain

Question 7

biparietal thinning

Answer 7

large depressed areas on parietal bones caused by thinning of diploe

Question 8

hemivertebrae

Answer 8

1 or more underdeveloped vertebrae exhibiting only half of its physical characteristics

Question 9

transitional vertebrae

Answer 9

1 or more vertebrae that exhibit traits of adjacent vertebral bodies i.e 5th lumbar sacralization or 1st sacral lumbarization

Question 10

scoliosis

Answer 10

lateral deviation of spine, often with rotation towards the convexity

Question 11

kyphosis

Answer 11

pathological increase in the anterior curvature of the spine due to changes in the intervertebral disks (primary) or the vertebrae themselves (secondary)
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Question 12

primary kyphosis (scheuermanns)

Answer 12

usually involves T8-T10 and is caused by disk herniation

Question 13

primary senile kyphosis

Answer 13

usually affects superior thoracic spine and is caused by general disk degeneration in old age

Question 14

secondary kyphosis

Answer 14

secondary to decreased vertebral integrity

Question 15

spina bifida

Answer 15

relatively common (5-25%) neural tube defect that causes incomplete closure of one or more neural arches. most common on sacrum

Question 16

2 types of spina bifida

Answer 16

occulta (less severe) aperta (more severe)

Question 17

spina bifida occulta

Answer 17

least severe and most common. usually liveable

Question 18

SB aperta

Answer 18

• more severe and less common
• often associated with other vertebral defects (scoliosis and kyphosis)
• in antiquity, killed

Question 19

supernumerary ribs

Answer 19

• may or may not be associated with supernumerary vertebrae

- cervical ribs most common

Question 20

cleft pelvis

Answer 20

absent pubic symphysis due to underdevelopment of abdominal and anterior bladder walls. more common in males

Question 21

asymmetrical sacrum

Answer 21

hypoplasia or complete absence of one or more sacral ala

Question 22

congenital hip dislocation

Answer 22

chronic displacement of femoral head due to hypoplastic development of acetabulum

Question 23

localized osteoporosis

Answer 23

reflects lack of mechanical stress and strain on bone

Question 24

dysplasia

Answer 24

“defective development”

Question 25

achondroplasia

Answer 25

most common type of cartilage dysplasia

• limited cartilage proliferation
• fast bone growth with few growth plates

Question 26

osteogenesis imperfecta

Answer 26

5+ bone conditions caused by defective collagen production

• may affect dentition
• frequent fractures

Question 27

osteopetrosis

Answer 27

4+ conditions characterized by poor osteoclastic activity and poor organization of bone matrix

• heavy thick bones
• abnormal morphology