Lecture 8-9_190620-21 Flashcards
Human BioChem flow chart
Nutrients > Transport > Metabolism
> amino acids, carbs, lipids
Amino Acids
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Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates-Lipids
< > energy
Lipids
> Signaling molecules > Structure: membranes > Carbohydrates > Glycoconjugates >> enzymes, coagulation, immune system
Substrate + Enzyme
= ES (affinitely) = EP = E + P
= ES (high affinitely) = EP (blocking the site)
Reation profile for enzyamatic and non-enzymatic reactions
STUDY SLIDE 4!!!
Michalis Menten Equation
V = Vmax * S / (Km + S) V = rate (micromol/min/mg protein) S = substate concentration (mmol/L) Km = Vmax/2 (substrate concentration @ Vmax/2)
Chiral carbon
attached to 4 different types types of atoms or groups of atoms
*stereo
Right
R (rectus) or D (dexter)
Left
S (sinister) or L (laevos)
Possible configurations
x # of chiral carbons
2^x possible configurations
D-Glucose
“D”extrose: D-Aldoses
H - C --O
I
H - C - OH
I
HO - C - H
I
H - C - OH
I
H - C - OH
I
CH2OH
6 carbons, 4 chirol, 2^4 = 16 possibilities
D-Mannose
D-Aldoses
H - C --O
I
HO - C - H
I
HO - C - H
I
H - C - OH
I
H - C - OH
I
CH2OH
6 carbons, 4 chirol, 2^4 = 16 possibilities
D-Glactose
D-Aldoses
H - C --O
I
H - C - OH
I
HO - C - H
I
HO - C - H
I
H - C - OH
I
CH2OH
6 carbons, 4 chirol, 2^4 = 16 possibilities
D-Fructose
D-Ketoses
CH2OH
I
C -- OH
I
HO - C - H
I
H - C - OH
I
H - C - OH
I
CH2OH
6 carbons, 3 chirol, 2^3 = 8 possibilities
Glucose to Lactic Acid
H - C –O +2ADP+Pi = -2ATP COOH
I I
H - C - OH (2) HO - C - H
I I
HO - C - H CH3
I
H - C - OH L-Lactate ~ Lactic Acid
I (C3H6O6)
H - C - OH
I
CH2OH
D-Glucose
(C6H12O6)
Glycolysis
Glucose + Phospate > Glc-6-P (not = glucose) > 2 Pyruvate >> Protein >> Lactate ~ Lactic Acid >> Amino Acids >> Fats
Pyruvate to L-Lactate
O – C - O^- NADH + H^+ = NAD^+ O–C - O^-
I I
C – O lactose HO - C - H
I dehydrogenase I
HO - C - H (LDH) CH3
I
H - C - OH L-Lactate ~ Lactic Acid
I (C3H6O6)
H - C - OH
I
CH3 *picks up 2Hs (decrease acidity)
*deltaG = -25.1 kJ/mol
Pyruvate
Glycolysis to Citris Acid Cylce (Kerbs)
Glucose > glycolysis (2ATP) > 2 Pyruvate (4-2=2ATP)
> Anaerobic connditions
» 2 Ethenol + 2CO2 (fermentation to alcohol in yeast)
» 2 Lactate (fermentation to lactate in vigerouly contracting muscle, erythrocytes/RBCs, some other cells, and in some microorganisms)
» 2ATP + H^+’s
> Aerobic conditions
» CO2
» 2 Acetyl-CoA
»> citric acid cycle > 4CO2+4H2O (animal, plant, and many microbial cells under aerobic conditions)
»> CO2
»> 32ATP
Amphibilic pathway
both
catabolic
- larger molecules broken down to smaller molecules
- give off energy (deltaG “-“)
anabolic
- forming larger more complex molecules from smaller molecules
- use/require energy (deltaG “+”)
TABLE 13-4
STUDY SLIDE 22!!!
Kerbs Cylce
STUDY resources!!!
Membrane Structure
Polar / Non-Polar Hydrophobic tail
Hydrophilic Head Non-Polar Hydrophobic tail
Longer carbonic chains = higher melting pt
- steric acid = 18:0
Nature = one tail with “cis” double bond (kink) in tail
Double bonds decrease melting pt
cis double bonds further reduce melthing pt
- olic acid = 18:1
- omega 3 = cis 3 carbons from end of tail/chain
- Linolenic acid = 18:3
- not in our diets b/c more reactive ~ shorter shelf life?
- omega 6 = cis 6 carbons from end of tail/chain
- Linoleic acid = 18:2 (veg. oils)
- Arachidonic acid = 20:4
trans double bonds are not natural
- tighter configeration = increased melting pt
- health problems
Transcription (in nucleus)
DNA & mRNA
- introns (not needed)
- extrons (needed)
5’ > 3’ non-template (coding) strand CGTA
RNA plymerase (opens DNA)
3’ < 5’ template strand GCAT
5’ > 3’ RNA transcript CGUA
mRNA leaves nucleus
Translation (in cytosol) ~ protein synthesis
Activation of tRNA
> initiate translation of mRNA
*RNAse follows ~ mRNA degredation
> Elongation of polypeptide (ARG-GLY-etc)
> Termination of polypeptide
* 5’ amino terminus > 3’ carboxy terminus
> Folding of poylpeptide into protein / amino acid
Start codon
AUG = Methionine
Stop codon
some variation of UGA
Codon
64 possible (444)
Amino Acids
20
H
I
Basic amino H2N - C - COOH Acidic carboxyl group
group I
R (side chain)
Protein in cytoplasm
Free ribosome
Protein in cell membrane
Rough er
tRNA
20 different, one for each amoni acid
rRNA
80s (40s+60s) for EuKaryotic Ribosome
70s (30s+50s) for Bacterial Robosome
*different so drug can block bacterial and no eukaryotic!
**not the case for fungi and others
L for
Amoni Acides
D for
Carbs
SLIDE 41
STUDY!!!!
Aspartic Acid (Asp)
negatively charged side chain
Glutamic Acid (Glu)
negatively charged side chain
Aginine (Arg)
positively charged (N+) side chain
Lysine (Lys)
positively charged (N+) side chain
Histidine (His)
positively charged (N+) side chain
Asparagine (Asn)
uncharged polar (N) side chain
Glutamine (Gln)
uncharged polar (N) side chain
Serine (Ser)
uncharged polar (OH) side chain
Threonine (Thr)
uncharged polar (OH) side chain
Tyrosine (Tyr)
uncharged polar (OH) side chain
Remaining 10 Amino Acids
nonpolar
Slides 41-47
STUDY!!!!!
