Lecture 7_190619

Question 1

Hydrocarbon Functional Groups

Answer 1

Alkanes:
carbon-carbon single bonds and carbon-hydrogen bonds

Alkyl groups:
Removing a hydrogen from an alkane, in place of the missing H, bond to something else

Cycloalkanes:
Alkanes that form rings, prefixing “cyclo-“ to the alkane name. NOTE: these contain only single bonds.

Alkenes:
contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond, as well as carbon-hydrogen bonds. Additionally, they may contain carbon-carbon single bonds

Alkynes:
contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, as well as carbon-hydrogen bonds. The simplest alkyne (C2H2) is also known as “acetylene”.

Aromatics:
contain a benzene ring

Question 2

Functional Groups Based on Water

Answer 2

Alcohols:
replace 1 H from H2O with an alkyl

Phenol:
Aromatic alcohols

Ethers:
replace both H’s of H2O with alkyls, contain an –O– bridge between organic groups

Halogenated ethers: F in place of H

Question 3

Functional groups derived from Ammonia

Answer 3

Amines: 
derived from ammonia, NH3, class of amines is the family of amino acids

Nitrogenous heteroaromatics:
non-benzenoid rings that contain nitrogen

Question 4

Carbonyl Functional Groups

Answer 4

Carbonyl groups: Aldehydes & Ketones
contain a carbon double bonded to an oxygen

Carboxylic Acids:
a hydroxyl bound to the carboxylic carbon

Esters:
H of the hydroxyl has been replaced with an organic group

Amides:
similar to esters except that the O has been replaced with an N

Question 5

Alkanes

Answer 5

Methane – CH4 
Ethane – C2H6 
Propane – C3H8 
Butane – C4H10 
Pentane – C5H12 
Hexane – C6H14 
Heptane – C7H16 
Octane – C8H18 
Nonane – C9H20 

*larger molecule = higher boiling pt and flash pt

Question 6

Alkyl groups

Answer 6

Removing a hydrogen from an alkane leaves an alkyl. In place of the missing H, alkyls will bond to something else.

Methane – CH4 Methyl – CH3
Ethane – C2H6 Ethyl – C2H5
Propane – C3H8 Propyl – C3H7 Isopropyl – C3H7

Question 7

Cycloalkanes

Answer 7

Alkanes that form rings are cycloalkanes.
Name by prefixing “cyclo-“ to the alkane name.
2 fewer Hs
NOTE: these contain only single bonds.

Question 8

Alkenes

Answer 8

Atleast one carbon-carbon double bond, as well as carbonhydrogen bonds.
Additionally, they may contain carbon-carbon single bonds.

Ethene – C2H4
Propene – C3H6
Butene – C4H8
Etc.

Question 9

cis

Answer 9

same

Question 10

trans

Answer 10

opposite

Question 11

Reactions of Alkenes

Answer 11

study slide 11!!!

Question 12

Alkynes

Answer 12

Alkynes contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, as well as carbon-hydrogen bonds.

The simplest alkyne (C2H2) is also known as “acetylene”. Hotest flame we can be near.

Question 13

Aromatics

Answer 13

Aromatics contain a benzene ring.
These compounds are common in nature and often have strong odors or tastes (hence the name aromatic), and are also often brightly colored.

Ex: cinnamon, cloves, thyme, vanilla, and tarragon.

Question 14

Alcohols

Answer 14

If we replace 1 H from H2O with an alkyl, we have an alcohol.

To name, name the larger backbone, identify the location of the OH, and add –ol.

Question 15

Ethers

Answer 15

If we replace both H’s of H2O with alkyls, we have an ether. Ethers contain an –O– bridge between organic groups.
When alkyls are linked by an –O– bridge:
1) The smaller alkyl goes first, followed by “-oxy-“ then the larger alkyl group.
or
2) The two substituents are named, followed by ether.

Question 16

Halogenated ethers

Answer 16

Study slide 18!!!

Question 17

Amines

Answer 17

Amines are functional groups derived from ammonia, NH3.

An important class of amines is the family of amino acids.

Question 18

Nitrogenous heteroaromatics

Answer 18

These are non-benzenoid rings that contain nitrogen.

Pyrimidine pyrimidine forms the basis of the nucleobases C, U, and T (cytosine, uracil, and thymine)

Purine purine forms the basis of A, and G (adenine, and guanine)

Study slide 20 for structures!!!

Question 19

Basicity of Nitrogen

Answer 19

N has 5 valence electrons and wants 3 more to complete its valence shell. However, in ammonia and very many amines, N can form 4 covalent bonds and it acquires a “+” charge.

Question 20

Carbonyl groups

Answer 20

carbon double bonded to an oxygen

Aldehydes have hydrogen bound to the carbonyl carbon (names with the suffix “-al”)
- Methanal (formaldehyde)

Ketones do NOT have hydrogen bound to the carbonyl carbon (named with suffix “-one”)
- Propanone (acetone)

Question 21

Carboxylic Acids

Answer 21

have a hydroxyl bound to the carboxylic carbon

Question 22

Esters

Answer 22

Esters are similar to carboxylic acids except that the H of the hydroxyl has been replaced with an organic group.

Question 23

Amides

Answer 23

Amides are similar to esters except that the O has been replaced with an N.

Amides are formed by reactions between a carboxylic acid and an amine.

Question 24

Review slide 26!!!

Answer 24

Review slide 26!!!

Question 25

Review Slide 27!!!

Answer 25

Review Slide 27!!!