Lecture 7_190619 Flashcards
Hydrocarbon Functional Groups
Alkanes:
carbon-carbon single bonds and carbon-hydrogen bonds
Alkyl groups:
Removing a hydrogen from an alkane, in place of the missing H, bond to something else
Cycloalkanes:
Alkanes that form rings, prefixing “cyclo-“ to the alkane name. NOTE: these contain only single bonds.
Alkenes:
contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond, as well as carbon-hydrogen bonds. Additionally, they may contain carbon-carbon single bonds
Alkynes:
contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, as well as carbon-hydrogen bonds. The simplest alkyne (C2H2) is also known as “acetylene”.
Aromatics:
contain a benzene ring
Functional Groups Based on Water
Alcohols:
replace 1 H from H2O with an alkyl
Phenol:
Aromatic alcohols
Ethers:
replace both H’s of H2O with alkyls, contain an –O– bridge between organic groups
Halogenated ethers: F in place of H
Functional groups derived from Ammonia
Amines: derived from ammonia, NH3, class of amines is the family of amino acids
Nitrogenous heteroaromatics:
non-benzenoid rings that contain nitrogen
Carbonyl Functional Groups
Carbonyl groups: Aldehydes & Ketones
contain a carbon double bonded to an oxygen
Carboxylic Acids:
a hydroxyl bound to the carboxylic carbon
Esters:
H of the hydroxyl has been replaced with an organic group
Amides:
similar to esters except that the O has been replaced with an N
Alkanes
Methane – CH4 Ethane – C2H6 Propane – C3H8 Butane – C4H10 Pentane – C5H12 Hexane – C6H14 Heptane – C7H16 Octane – C8H18 Nonane – C9H20
*larger molecule = higher boiling pt and flash pt
Alkyl groups
Removing a hydrogen from an alkane leaves an alkyl. In place of the missing H, alkyls will bond to something else.
Methane – CH4 Methyl – CH3
Ethane – C2H6 Ethyl – C2H5
Propane – C3H8 Propyl – C3H7 Isopropyl – C3H7
Cycloalkanes
Alkanes that form rings are cycloalkanes.
Name by prefixing “cyclo-“ to the alkane name.
2 fewer Hs
NOTE: these contain only single bonds.
Alkenes
Atleast one carbon-carbon double bond, as well as carbonhydrogen bonds.
Additionally, they may contain carbon-carbon single bonds.
Ethene – C2H4
Propene – C3H6
Butene – C4H8
Etc.
cis
same
trans
opposite
Reactions of Alkenes
study slide 11!!!
Alkynes
Alkynes contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, as well as carbon-hydrogen bonds.
The simplest alkyne (C2H2) is also known as “acetylene”. Hotest flame we can be near.
Aromatics
Aromatics contain a benzene ring.
These compounds are common in nature and often have strong odors or tastes (hence the name aromatic), and are also often brightly colored.
Ex: cinnamon, cloves, thyme, vanilla, and tarragon.
Alcohols
If we replace 1 H from H2O with an alkyl, we have an alcohol.
To name, name the larger backbone, identify the location of the OH, and add –ol.
Ethers
If we replace both H’s of H2O with alkyls, we have an ether. Ethers contain an –O– bridge between organic groups.
When alkyls are linked by an –O– bridge:
1) The smaller alkyl goes first, followed by “-oxy-“ then the larger alkyl group.
or
2) The two substituents are named, followed by ether.
Halogenated ethers
Study slide 18!!!
Amines
Amines are functional groups derived from ammonia, NH3.
An important class of amines is the family of amino acids.
Nitrogenous heteroaromatics
These are non-benzenoid rings that contain nitrogen.
Pyrimidine pyrimidine forms the basis of the nucleobases C, U, and T (cytosine, uracil, and thymine)
Purine purine forms the basis of A, and G (adenine, and guanine)
Study slide 20 for structures!!!
Basicity of Nitrogen
N has 5 valence electrons and wants 3 more to complete its valence shell. However, in ammonia and very many amines, N can form 4 covalent bonds and it acquires a “+” charge.
Carbonyl groups
carbon double bonded to an oxygen
Aldehydes have hydrogen bound to the carbonyl carbon (names with the suffix “-al”)
- Methanal (formaldehyde)
Ketones do NOT have hydrogen bound to the carbonyl carbon (named with suffix “-one”)
- Propanone (acetone)
Carboxylic Acids
have a hydroxyl bound to the carboxylic carbon
Esters
Esters are similar to carboxylic acids except that the H of the hydroxyl has been replaced with an organic group.
Amides
Amides are similar to esters except that the O has been replaced with an N.
Amides are formed by reactions between a carboxylic acid and an amine.
Review slide 26!!!
Review slide 26!!!
Review Slide 27!!!
Review Slide 27!!!
