Lecture 4_190612 Flashcards
States of Matter
1) Solid
2) Liquid
3) Gas
Melting
Solid → liquid = melting
Freezing
Liquid → solid = freezing
Boiling
Liquid → gas = boiling (evaporation or vaporization)
Condencing
Gas → liquid = condencing (condensation)
Sublimation
Solid → gas = sublimation
Deposition
Gas → solid = deposition
Ionic Bonds
Bonds between metals and non-metals, and involve the EXCHANGE of electrons.
Covalent Bonds
Bonds between non-metals and non-metals, and involve the SHARING of electrons.
NOT broken randomly, but by enzymes.
Polar Covalent Bonds
Covlent nonds where the atom with the higher electronegativity will get the shared electron more, while the atom with the lower electronegativity will get the electron less,
partial “-“ on the high electronegativity atom
partial “+” charge on the low electronegativity atom
resulting in dipoles!
Intermolecular Forces
forces are the forces between molecules
*stronger the forces = less volatile the matter (higher melting and boiling points)
From strongest to weakest:
•force between permanent dipole and ion
•force between permanent dipoles
- Hydrogen bonding = special case (much stronger)
- H -> H, C, N, O
•force between permanent dipole and induced dipole
•force between induced dipoles (London force)
Induced dipole
= London forces = van der Waals forces = temporary attractive force that results when the electrons in two adjacent atoms occupy positions that make the atoms form TEMPORARY dipoles ~ “passer-by atoms”
Solute
“being desolved”
Solvent
“desolving”
Solubility
“Like dissolves like.”
Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes
Non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar solutes
