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Mammalogy > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Order Primates

A

Primates comes from Latin = first order

Linnaeus came up with it; considered them to be the peak of creation

Adaptations to an arboreal lifestyle:

  • Arboreal locomotion
  • Manutal dexterity
  • Steroscopic vision
  • Complex social behavior
  • Complex communication
  • Large brains
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2
Q

Suborder Strepsirrhini

A

Lemur Families:

  • Cheirogaleidae (mouse lemurs, dwarf lemurs, etc.)
  • Lemuridae (bamboo lemurs, ruffed lemurs, etc.)
  • Indriidae (woolly lemur, sifaka, indri)
  • Daubentoniidae (aye-aye)

Other families:

  • Lorisidae (lorises and pottos)
  • Galagidae (galagos)

Naked rhinarium

Comma-shaped nostrils

Toothcomb comprising lower incisors and canines

Toilet claw on second digit of hind foot

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3
Q

Suborder Strepsirrhini

Family Cheirogaleidae

A

Mouse and dwarf lemurs

Endemic to Madagascar
-ONLY found in Madagascar; ALL lemuroid primates share this in common

Nocturnal

Small (less than 500g)
-Smallest primate species

Omnivorous

Quadrupedal walking and rarely bipedal leaping

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4
Q

Suborder Strepsirrhini

Family Lemuridae

A

Endemic to Madagascar

Cranium elongate and face fox-like

Toothcomb present

Pollex (thumb) and hallux
(big toe) opposable

Pelage woolly, tail heavily furred
Herbivorous or frugivorous

Primarily diurnal

Ring-tailed lemurs are highly social
-Groups of 20+
-Female dominance
=Troops occupy exclusive home ranges
-Use elaborate olfactory signals
--Both sexes mark branches
--Males indulge in "stink fights)
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5
Q

Suborder Strepsirrhini

Family Indriidae

A

Endemic to Madagascar

Woolly lemurs, sifakas, and indri

Large with a shortened rostrum and monkey-like face

Folivorous

Travel by bipedal leaping

have a more monkey-like face than other primates

Can ONLY eat leaves

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6
Q

Suborder Strepsirrhini

Family Daubentoniidae

A

Aye-ayes

Find food via percussive foraging; use long, skinny middle finger to tap on tree, listens with massive ears to find food

uses large rodent-like teeth tobreak open bark; reaches in with middle digit to grab grubs with finger-like hook

Endemic to Madagascar

Secretive and nocturnal

Short skull, large ears, bushy tial

Greatly enlarged incisors with diastema

3rd digit on hand very long and slender

Hallux is opposable, bears nail

Insectivorous

unique foraging technique
-“Percussive foraging”

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7
Q

Suborder Strepsirrhini

Family Lorisidae

A

Pottos and Loris

Sub-Saharan Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, East Indies

Rostrum short, eyes face forward

Arboreal, slow-slimbers (hand over hand)

Nocturnal

Frugivorous to omivorous

Tails shor or absent

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8
Q

Suborder Strepsirrhini

Family Galagidae

A

Bushbabies

Forests of continental Africa

Nocturnal

Large eyes and ears

Arboreal leapers with long hind limbs and tail

remarkable Leaping ability (>6ft)

Can grasp insects mid-air

Toothcomb in lower incisors

Grooming claw on second digit of foot

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9
Q

Suborder Haplorhini

A 
Infraorder Tarsiiformes
 Family Tarsiidae
Intraorder Simiiformes
 Platyrrhini (new World)
 Catarrhini (Old World)

Shared dental and cranial features

other synaps include:

  • Hemochorial placenta (maternal blood comes into direct contanct with fetal chorion
  • Molecular characters

Tarsiers have these synaps of haplorhini and genomics confirm relationship to this group; NOT strepsorrhini

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10
Q

Suborder Haplorhini

Family Tarsiidae

A

Arboreal and nocturnal

Insectivorous

bipedal leaping

Species can be solitary or gregarious

Long gestation (6 months)
-A little smaller than the galagos/bushbabies

Single young

Name comes form long tarsus

Tropical forest of Borneo/Myanmar, Sumatra, some east INdian and Philippine islands

Enormous, forward facing eyes

  • LACK tapetum lucidum
  • Evolved larger eyes to see at night

Digits with disk-like pads

Elongate hindlimbs (arboreal umpers)

  • Tibia and fibula fused
  • Calcaneum and navicular greatly elongate
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11
Q

Tapetum lucidum

A

Causes “eye shine”

Helps see at night

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12
Q

Suborder Haplorhini

Family Tarsiidae

A

Dorsal view of the left foot bones of a tarsier, showing the elongated tarsal bones

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13
Q

Order Primates
Suborder Haplorhini
Infraorder Simiiformes
Parvorder Platyrrhini

A

= “flat-nosed”

New World monkeys
Family Cebidae
–Capuchins, squirrel monkeys
–Marmosets and tamarins (often in own family - Callitrichidae)

Family Aotidae
–Night monkeys

Family Atelidae
–Howler, spider, and woolly monkeys

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14
Q 
Order Primates
 Suborder Haplorhini
  Infraorder Simiiformes
   Parvorder Platyrrhini
    Family Cebidae

Capuchins and squirrel monkeys

A

Arboreal

Omnivorous

Long limbs and digits with curved nails

Long furred tail

Promiscuous (many males mate with many females, confuses paternity)

750g to 4.5kg

High braincase, short rostrum

Broad internarial pad between nostrils

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15
Q 
Order Primates
 Suborder Haplorhini
  Infraorder Simiiformes
   Parvorder Platyrrhini
    Family Cebidae
Marmosets and Tamarins
A

Small (100-750g)

Arboreal, ombivorous

Chisel-shaped medial incisors

May have manes on head

LACK opposable thums and toes

Tail is NOT prehensile

Cooperative care of young

Fraternal twins common; share a common placenta = CHIMERISM

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16
Q 
Order Primates
 Suborder Haplorhini
  Infraorder Simiiformes
   Parvorder Platyrrhini
    Family Aotidae
Night Monkeys
A
  • Nocturnal
  • -ONLY nocturnal simian
  • Large eyes, good nocturnal vision
  • Small (450-950g)
  • NOT sexually dimprphic
  • Terrirtorial
  • Adult male primary caregiver for offspring
17
Q 
Order Primates
 Suborder Haplorhini
  Infraorder Simiiformes
   Parvorder Platyrrhini
    Family Aotidae
Howler Monkeys
A

Tail long and prehensile

Large size for New World monkey

Sexual dimorphism (males>females)

Polygamous; in some species an alpha male will monopolize a harem

Loud howls long coarse fur

Inhabit a wide variety of forest types

18
Q 
Order Primates
 Suborder Haplorhini
  Infraorder Simiiformes
   Parvorder Platyrrhini
    Family Aotidae
Spider monkeys and woolly monkeys
A

Tail is long, prehensile

Long, thin limbs compared to howlers

Long, narrow hands with reduced or absent thumbs

Fur coloration varies

19
Q

Order Primates
Suborder Haplorhini
Infraorder Simiiformes
Parvorder Catarrhini

A

= “narrow-nosed”

Old World anthropoid primates (Africa, Asia)

Diverged form platyrrhine primates 38-40Mya

  • Cercopithecidae
  • Hylobatidae
  • Hominidae
20
Q 
Order Primates
 Suborder Haplorhini
  Infraorder Simiiformes
   Parvorder Catarrhini
    Family Cercopithecidae
A

Langurs, guennans

Sex dimorph

1.5-50kg

Some arboreal, some terrestrial; ALL diurnal

Skull robust, braincase large

opposable pollex and hallux (except in Colobus)

All digits bear nails

Ischial callosities common
-Horny epidermal thickenings located bilaterally below anus of cercopithecid primates. Callosities are sharply circumscribed and firmly attached to underlying ischial tuberosities

21
Q 
Order Primates
 Suborder Haplorhini
  Infraorder Simiiformes
   Parvorder Catarrhini
    Family Hylobatidae
A

Gibbons and siamang

Inhabit tropical southeastern Asia

4-11kg

Extremely long forelimbs modified for brachiation

Lack tail and cheek pouches

Highly vocal
-Gular sac in both sexes

NO tail

Historically called “lesser apes” due to lack of tail

22
Q 
Order Primates
 Suborder Haplorhini
  Infraorder Simiiformes
   Parvorder Catarrhini
    Family hominidae
A

Humans, chimps, orangutans, gorillas

Historically called “great apes”

Fossils from early to middle Eocene of Africa and Asia

Anatomically modern humans date to about 160,000 years ago in Africa

Social systems well-developed

Social interplay amond great apes is generally amiable; modest assertions of dominance

Age-graded troop

Male dominance hierarchies

Chimps:

  • Loose social organization with intricate patterns of establishment
  • use highly evolved vocal communications
  • -Males coordinate for hunting; trade meat for sex

Bonobos:

  • Social systems based on sex contacts b/w individuals
  • use bipedal gaits more often than chimps

Gorillas:
-Dominant silverback responsible for protection and safety of troop

Orangutans
-Highly arboreal adn only reluctantly come to ground

23
Q

Living great ape characters (EXCLUDING humans)

A

48-270kg

Canines large

Mandibular symphysis braced by “simian shelf”

Proinent brown ridge

Forelimbs longer than hind limbs

Lack tails

Herbivorous
-Chimps occasionally carnivorous

Mammalogy (11 decks)

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