Lecture 8 Flashcards
Order Primates
Primates comes from Latin = first order
Linnaeus came up with it; considered them to be the peak of creation
Adaptations to an arboreal lifestyle:
- Arboreal locomotion
- Manutal dexterity
- Steroscopic vision
- Complex social behavior
- Complex communication
- Large brains
Suborder Strepsirrhini
Lemur Families:
- Cheirogaleidae (mouse lemurs, dwarf lemurs, etc.)
- Lemuridae (bamboo lemurs, ruffed lemurs, etc.)
- Indriidae (woolly lemur, sifaka, indri)
- Daubentoniidae (aye-aye)
Other families:
- Lorisidae (lorises and pottos)
- Galagidae (galagos)
Naked rhinarium
Comma-shaped nostrils
Toothcomb comprising lower incisors and canines
Toilet claw on second digit of hind foot
Suborder Strepsirrhini
Family Cheirogaleidae
Mouse and dwarf lemurs
Endemic to Madagascar
-ONLY found in Madagascar; ALL lemuroid primates share this in common
Nocturnal
Small (less than 500g)
-Smallest primate species
Omnivorous
Quadrupedal walking and rarely bipedal leaping
Suborder Strepsirrhini
Family Lemuridae
Endemic to Madagascar
Cranium elongate and face fox-like
Toothcomb present
Pollex (thumb) and hallux
(big toe) opposable
Pelage woolly, tail heavily furred
Herbivorous or frugivorous
Primarily diurnal
Ring-tailed lemurs are highly social -Groups of 20+ -Female dominance =Troops occupy exclusive home ranges -Use elaborate olfactory signals --Both sexes mark branches --Males indulge in "stink fights)
Suborder Strepsirrhini
Family Indriidae
Endemic to Madagascar
Woolly lemurs, sifakas, and indri
Large with a shortened rostrum and monkey-like face
Folivorous
Travel by bipedal leaping
have a more monkey-like face than other primates
Can ONLY eat leaves
Suborder Strepsirrhini
Family Daubentoniidae
Aye-ayes
Find food via percussive foraging; use long, skinny middle finger to tap on tree, listens with massive ears to find food
uses large rodent-like teeth tobreak open bark; reaches in with middle digit to grab grubs with finger-like hook
Endemic to Madagascar
Secretive and nocturnal
Short skull, large ears, bushy tial
Greatly enlarged incisors with diastema
3rd digit on hand very long and slender
Hallux is opposable, bears nail
Insectivorous
unique foraging technique
-“Percussive foraging”
Suborder Strepsirrhini
Family Lorisidae
Pottos and Loris
Sub-Saharan Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, East Indies
Rostrum short, eyes face forward
Arboreal, slow-slimbers (hand over hand)
Nocturnal
Frugivorous to omivorous
Tails shor or absent
Suborder Strepsirrhini
Family Galagidae
Bushbabies
Forests of continental Africa
Nocturnal
Large eyes and ears
Arboreal leapers with long hind limbs and tail
remarkable Leaping ability (>6ft)
Can grasp insects mid-air
Toothcomb in lower incisors
Grooming claw on second digit of foot
Suborder Haplorhini
Infraorder Tarsiiformes Family Tarsiidae Intraorder Simiiformes Platyrrhini (new World) Catarrhini (Old World)
Shared dental and cranial features
other synaps include:
- Hemochorial placenta (maternal blood comes into direct contanct with fetal chorion
- Molecular characters
Tarsiers have these synaps of haplorhini and genomics confirm relationship to this group; NOT strepsorrhini
Suborder Haplorhini
Family Tarsiidae
Arboreal and nocturnal
Insectivorous
bipedal leaping
Species can be solitary or gregarious
Long gestation (6 months) -A little smaller than the galagos/bushbabies
Single young
Name comes form long tarsus
Tropical forest of Borneo/Myanmar, Sumatra, some east INdian and Philippine islands
Enormous, forward facing eyes
- LACK tapetum lucidum
- Evolved larger eyes to see at night
Digits with disk-like pads
Elongate hindlimbs (arboreal umpers)
- Tibia and fibula fused
- Calcaneum and navicular greatly elongate
Tapetum lucidum
Causes “eye shine”
Helps see at night
Suborder Haplorhini
Family Tarsiidae
Dorsal view of the left foot bones of a tarsier, showing the elongated tarsal bones
Order Primates
Suborder Haplorhini
Infraorder Simiiformes
Parvorder Platyrrhini
= “flat-nosed”
New World monkeys
Family Cebidae
–Capuchins, squirrel monkeys
–Marmosets and tamarins (often in own family - Callitrichidae)
Family Aotidae
–Night monkeys
Family Atelidae
–Howler, spider, and woolly monkeys
Order Primates
Suborder Haplorhini
Infraorder Simiiformes
Parvorder Platyrrhini
Family Cebidae
Capuchins and squirrel monkeys
Arboreal
Omnivorous
Long limbs and digits with curved nails
Long furred tail
Promiscuous (many males mate with many females, confuses paternity)
750g to 4.5kg
High braincase, short rostrum
Broad internarial pad between nostrils
Order Primates
Suborder Haplorhini
Infraorder Simiiformes
Parvorder Platyrrhini
Family Cebidae
Marmosets and TamarinsSmall (100-750g)
Arboreal, ombivorous
Chisel-shaped medial incisors
May have manes on head
LACK opposable thums and toes
Tail is NOT prehensile
Cooperative care of young
Fraternal twins common; share a common placenta = CHIMERISM
Order Primates
Suborder Haplorhini
Infraorder Simiiformes
Parvorder Platyrrhini
Family Aotidae
Night Monkeys- Nocturnal
- -ONLY nocturnal simian
- Large eyes, good nocturnal vision
- Small (450-950g)
- NOT sexually dimprphic
- Terrirtorial
- Adult male primary caregiver for offspring
Order Primates
Suborder Haplorhini
Infraorder Simiiformes
Parvorder Platyrrhini
Family Aotidae
Howler MonkeysTail long and prehensile
Large size for New World monkey
Sexual dimorphism (males>females)
Polygamous; in some species an alpha male will monopolize a harem
Loud howls long coarse fur
Inhabit a wide variety of forest types
Order Primates
Suborder Haplorhini
Infraorder Simiiformes
Parvorder Platyrrhini
Family Aotidae
Spider monkeys and woolly monkeysTail is long, prehensile
Long, thin limbs compared to howlers
Long, narrow hands with reduced or absent thumbs
Fur coloration varies
Order Primates
Suborder Haplorhini
Infraorder Simiiformes
Parvorder Catarrhini
= “narrow-nosed”
Old World anthropoid primates (Africa, Asia)
Diverged form platyrrhine primates 38-40Mya
- Cercopithecidae
- Hylobatidae
- Hominidae
Order Primates
Suborder Haplorhini
Infraorder Simiiformes
Parvorder Catarrhini
Family CercopithecidaeLangurs, guennans
Sex dimorph
1.5-50kg
Some arboreal, some terrestrial; ALL diurnal
Skull robust, braincase large
opposable pollex and hallux (except in Colobus)
All digits bear nails
Ischial callosities common
-Horny epidermal thickenings located bilaterally below anus of cercopithecid primates. Callosities are sharply circumscribed and firmly attached to underlying ischial tuberosities
Order Primates
Suborder Haplorhini
Infraorder Simiiformes
Parvorder Catarrhini
Family HylobatidaeGibbons and siamang
Inhabit tropical southeastern Asia
4-11kg
Extremely long forelimbs modified for brachiation
Lack tail and cheek pouches
Highly vocal
-Gular sac in both sexes
NO tail
Historically called “lesser apes” due to lack of tail
Order Primates
Suborder Haplorhini
Infraorder Simiiformes
Parvorder Catarrhini
Family hominidaeHumans, chimps, orangutans, gorillas
Historically called “great apes”
Fossils from early to middle Eocene of Africa and Asia
Anatomically modern humans date to about 160,000 years ago in Africa
Social systems well-developed
Social interplay amond great apes is generally amiable; modest assertions of dominance
Age-graded troop
Male dominance hierarchies
Chimps:
- Loose social organization with intricate patterns of establishment
- use highly evolved vocal communications
- -Males coordinate for hunting; trade meat for sex
Bonobos:
- Social systems based on sex contacts b/w individuals
- use bipedal gaits more often than chimps
Gorillas:
-Dominant silverback responsible for protection and safety of troop
Orangutans
-Highly arboreal adn only reluctantly come to ground
Living great ape characters (EXCLUDING humans)
48-270kg
Canines large
Mandibular symphysis braced by “simian shelf”
Proinent brown ridge
Forelimbs longer than hind limbs
Lack tails
Herbivorous
-Chimps occasionally carnivorous
