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Mammalogy > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

_____ Extant orders

A

27

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2
Q

_____ Families

A

167

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3
Q

_______ Genera

A

1300+

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4
Q

_______ Species

A

6500+

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5
Q

Where do “new” species come from?

A

Descriptions form newly explored areas (Expeditions!)
Taxonomic revisions
Species “found” in museum cabinets (mislabelled and someone realized they were misplaced)

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6
Q

Cryptic species

A

Species that look the same but are genetically distinct

Subtle differences are revealed by:

  • Genomics/molecular data
  • MRI, CT imaging, 3D laser scanning
  • Stable isotope analysis
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7
Q

Cryptic species example

A

African elephant:

  • Savannah elephant
  • Forest elephant
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8
Q

Is 6500 species a lot?

A

NO

  • Amphibians have 7000 species
  • Reptiles 10000
  • Birds >10000
  • Fish 32000
  • Plants >350000
  • > 1000000 insects
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9
Q

Cenozoic Era

A

“Age of Mammals”

Mammals are the most geographically widespread and morphologically diverse group of vertebrates

66AD-Present

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10
Q

Mammals are:

a) Terrestrial
b) Aerial
c) Subterranean
d) Semi-Aquatic
e) Mostly aquatic
f) Entirely aquatic
g) All of the above

A

g) All of the above

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11
Q

Mammals have the ______ range of body sizes

A

Largest

Smallest: Kitti’s hog-nosed bat weighs 1.5g
Estruscan shrew <2g

Largest: Blue whales >180 tons

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12
Q

Why study mammals?

A

Physiology/Medicine: Used for research purposes, many model mammals
Agricultural pests: Must know how to deter many rats, etc.
Game management: Fish and Game
Zoonoses: Spread zoonotic diseases such as SARS-Cov-2 (Had its origin in 2 kinds of mammals: horseshoe bats and pangolins)
Mammal diversity highlights the processes of evolution: Natural selection, sexual selection, etc.
Apex predators: Many mammals are at the top of the food chain; some are keystone species (have an outsized effect on their particular ecosystem)
Sentinels of ecosystem health (e.g., climate change)

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13
Q

Mammal classification: Why do we classify organisms?

A

Biologists group organisms to represent similarities and proposed relationships

Classification systems change with expanding knowledge about new and well-known organisms

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14
Q

Mammal Classification: Binomial nomenclature

A

Two-part name (Genus + specific epithet)

Discovered by Carolus von Linnaeus

Two-word naming system:

  • Genus
  • -Noun, capitalized
  • -Underlined or Italicized
  • Specific epithet
  • -Descriptive, lower-case
  • -Underlined or italicized

i.e. Cervus elaphus (elk in America or red deer in UK)

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15
Q

Mammal classification: Hierarchical classification

A 
Taxonomic categories
Kingdom
 Phylum
  Class
   Order
    Family
     Genus
      Species
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16
Q

Mammal classification: Systematics

A

Study of the evolution of biological diversity

17
Q

Binomen vs. Trinomen

A

Cervus elaphus (elk or red deer)

Cervus elaphus elaphus

Cervus elaphus canadensis

18
Q

True powered flight

A

Evolved 3 times in history: Extinct pterosaurs, birds, and bats (family chiroptera)

19
Q

Revisions

A

Linnaeus labelled reindeer as Cervus tarandus (same genus as elk)

Smith revised to Rangifer tarandus

If you see an L, Linnaeus did it

Parentheses indicate a revision

20
Q

Taxonomies are

A

Dynamic

21
Q

Shared generic name indicates a ________-

A

Close affinity

22
Q

Cats used to all be in the same genus (Felis spp.) but were separated into

A

Different groups (Panthera, Puma, etc.)

23
Q

Felis silvesteris is

A

wild/domestic cats

24
Q

Phylogeny reconstruction

A

Phylogenetic systematics (or cladistics) - developing hypotheses to reconstruct the evolutionary history or relatedness among species

25
Q

Data for creating a phylogenetic hypothesis come from:

A
  • Molecular characters
  • Morphology
  • Paleontology
  • Biogeography
  • Ecological traits
  • Behavioral traits
26
Q

Cladistics Terms: Monophyletic group

A

group of closely related individuals and their common ancestor

27
Q

Cladistics terms: Synapomorphy

A

Trait shared by 2 or more taxa and their common ancestor

28
Q

Cladistics terms: Symplesiomorphy

A

AKA ancestral trait; common trait also present in earlier ancestors

A trait shared by 2 or more taxa, but which is also shared with other taxa that have an earlier last common ancestor (e.g. an ancestral trait)

29
Q

Cladistics terms: Ingroup

A

The group under study

30
Q

Cladistics terms: Outgroup

A

A group or lineage closely related to the group under study

31
Q

True or False: Mammals evolved after dinosaurs

A

FALSE

Mammals originated in the Jurassic (were around with dinosaurs); very small at first, underwent a significant adaptive radiation until the Cretaceous (after the mass extinction of dinosaurs; able to become large and fill niches)

32
Q

Mammals are

A 
Animals
Chordates
Vertebrates
Tetrapods
Amniotes
Synapsids
33
Q

Mammals evolved from

A

Synapsids

34
Q

Synapsids appeared

A

~320Mya

35
Q

The earliest synapsids radiated into:

A

Diverse herbivorous and carnivorous forms such as the pelycosaurs

36
Q

Synapsid skull

A

Lateral temporal opening (absent in diapsids)

Mammalogy (11 decks)

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