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Mammalogy > Lec 10, 11, 12 > Flashcards

Lec 10, 11, 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Advent of molecular techniques critical to current understanding for how these groups of carniverons are related

T or F

A

True

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2
Q

Order Carnivora

When did FIRST carniverous mammals appear

A

Paleocene (65-55Mya), right after extinction of non-avian dinosaurs (Allowed for massive adaptive radiation)

  • Plentiful availability of herbivorous mammals
  • -Herbivores evolved around here, too, many plants became available
  • Flesh is energy-rich food source
  • -Changes in ecosystem allowed for adaptive radiation, too
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3
Q

Order carnivora

Skull adaptations

A

Expanded braincase

Large conical canines

3/3 incisors

VERY good:

  • Vision
  • Hearing

Need larger brain to process information

Many are social, need to be able to process relationships

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4
Q

Order carnivora

Have _____________ cheekteeth

A

Secodont

Blade-like for CUTTING and SHEARING

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5
Q

Carnassials

A

Present in carnivorans

4th upper premolar, 1st lower molar

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6
Q

Order Carnivora

Jaw Joint

A

Jaw joint tight to prevent lower jaw from disarticulating from the cranium as the prey is fighting to get away

Tight dentary-squamosal jaw joint

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7
Q

Most Recent (recent time period) carnivorans are PREDACIOUS

A

Acute sense of smell

Expanded braincase

3/3 incisors (sea otter has 3/2)

Canines large and conical

Carnassials present

Tight joint of dentary/squamosal articulation

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8
Q

Order Carnivora

Suborder Feliformia

A

Family Felidae

  • – Hyaenidae
  • – Eupleridae
  • –Viverridae
  • –Herpestidae
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9
Q

Order Carnivora

Suborder Caniformia

A

Family Canidae

  • – Ursidae
  • – Procyonidae
  • – Mustelidae
  • – Mephitidae
  • – Ailuridae
  • – Odobenidae
  • – Otariidae
  • – Phocidae
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10
Q

Order Carnivora
Suborder Feliformia
Family Felidae

A

Cats

Highly efficient predators

Worldwide except Antarctica, Australia, NZ, Madagascar, and some oceanic islands

Adapted for hypercarnivory

  • Rostrum short, blunt
  • Reduced number of teeth
  • Anterior-most upper premolar is strongly reduced or lost
  • Carnassials well-developed:
  • -Secodont

Teeth only used for slicing/shearing

Anterior-most premolar REDUCED or LOST

Foot posture DIGITIGRADE

  • Common in cursorial mammals
  • Only the digits come in contact with the ground

Use sharp claws to capture prey

Few exceptions to retractile claws

Sharp claws recurved and retractile

Catch prey with stealthy stalking and quick burst of speed

Claws are SEMI-retractile in cheetahs
-Use claws as cleats, use to make quick turns

Excellent senses of smell, sight, hearing

Many species nocturnal

  • Tapetum lucidum present
  • -Reflective layer at retina of eye
  • -ANCESTRAL character (even snakes have it)
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11
Q

Order Carnivora
Suborder Feliformia
Family Hyaenidae

A

Hyenas, aardwolfs

Africa, Turkey, Middle East, parts of India

Large-bodied, forelimbs longer than hind limbs

Robust skull and jaws

Carnassials well-developed

Feet with 4 toes and flunt, non-retractile claws

EXCEPTION:

  • Aardwolf:
  • -Don’t need robust skulls/jaws or developed carnassials because they eat termites/ants; very delicate skulls compared to spotted, brown, and striped hyenas

Strong saggital crest = very large surface area for temporalis and masseter muscles

Hyena equivalent of a nut-cracker; used to open bones

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12
Q

Aardwolf skull

A

Reduced dentition, simple cheek teeth

Delicate skull, inflated auditory bullae

Eats soft-bodied insects (ants and termites)
-Would need grinding teeth if it ate hard-bodied insects

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13
Q

Order Carnivora
Suborder Feliformia
Family Herpestidae

A

Mongooses

Old world distribution
-Introduced elsewhere

Small, long-bodied carnivores

Diurnal, terrestrial

Anal scent glands well-developed

Some species engage in highly structured social behavior
-Constant vigilance allows mongooses to be active during the day despite many aerial and terrestrial threats

Some species known for ability to fight and kill venomous snakes
-Indian gray mongoose fights venomous snakes, has immunity to venom

Jamaican mongooses were introduced by humans to Jamaica

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14
Q

Order Carnivora
Suborder Feliformia
Family Viverridae

A

Civets and genets

Old World tropical and southern temperate regions

Some are agile climbers, some semiaquatic, others terrestrial

Mostly carnivorous and nocturnal
–Viverrids tend to be more carnivorous

Long rostrum

Large premolars

Tail long and bushy

Well-developed anal glands

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15
Q

Kopi Luwak

A

Civet poop coffee

$300+/lb

African palm civet

Partially digested coffee beans fermented in digestive tract

This particular civet eats coffee cherries, which contains coffee beans

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16
Q

Order Carnivora
Suborder Feliformia
Family Eupleridae

A

Adaptive radiation leads to diversification and convergence:

  • Cat-like forms
  • Mongoose-like forms
  • Civet-like forms
  • Nocturnal and diurnal species

Includes: Fossa, Malagasy ring-tailed “mongoose”, Malagasy broad-striped “mongoose”

Mostly endemic to Madagascar
-One species not endemic

Most are nocturnal and terrestrial

Fossa is agile climber with retractile claws
-Feeds on small lemurs

The rare falanous has reduced dentition
-Primarily feeds on soft-bodied invertebrates

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17
Q

Order Carnivora
Suborder Caniformia
Family Canidae

A

Nearly worldwide distribution

Fossils date to Eocene of North America

Broadly adapted carnivores
-Some members only eat insects

Digitigrade

Cheek-teeth for shearing and crushing = indicated broad diet

Robust canines

Carnassials present

Molars retain crushing surfaces

  • More flexible diet
  • -Omnivores
  • –Small or moderate size and usually nonsocial
  • -Carnivores
  • –Up to 80kg; typically cursorial
  • –May or may not be social
  • -Insectivores
  • –Small and social
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18
Q

Order Carnivora
Suborder Caniformia
Family Ursidae

A

North America, Eurasia, Malay Peninsula, China, parts of South America, NW Africa (Atlas Mtns, likely extinct)

Large body size

Mostly omnivorous diet (except polar bear and giant panda)

Black bears: Omnivores

Polar bears: Strict carnivores

Panda bears: Primary food source bamboo, can exploit other food sources (insects, chicken, etc.)

Black bear skull: Bunodont cheek teeth (rounded cusps for crushing); supports omnivorous diets

Omnivorous feeding habits, but…

  • Polar bear diet restricted to seals
  • Giant panda diet mostly bamboo

Northern species may “hibernate”

  • Heart rate and metabolism slows
  • Live off accumulated fat reserves
  • Body temp drops slightly
  • Arouse easily

Bears in S CA do NOT “hibernate” because food is plentiful year-round

Giant panda diet mostly bamboo

“False thumb” is an enlarge radial sesamoid

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19
Q

Order Carnivora
Suborder Caniformia
Superfamily Pinnipedia

A

Used to be in its own order, now in order Caniformia

Highly adapted to marine lifestyle

Large (45-3,600kg)
-Favorable surface area:volume ratio

Body insulated with blubber (fur in some)

Pinnae small or absent

Fusiform body

  • External genitalia and mammary nipples withdrawn beneath body surface
  • All mammae internal

Tail rudimentary

Forelimbs flipper-like

Monophyletic group:

  • Family Odobenidae (walrus)
  • Family Otariidae (eared seals)
  • Family Phocidae (earless seals)

Probably evolved from bear-like ancestor in the Northern hemisphere 24-18Mya

Highly adapted to a marine lifestyle

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20
Q

Order Carnivora
Suborder Caniformia
Superfamily Pinnipedia
Family Odobenidae

A

Walrus

Use vibrissae to find mollusks

Mate in the water (just past surfline)

Males congregate at surfline and vocalize, females hear and go out to mate

Both sexes have tusk-like upper CANINES

Feed on mollusks taken from sea floor

Gregarious and polygnous
-1 male mates with a number of females

Groups may reach 1000 individuals

Vocal in and out of water

Purpose of large canines: NOT mating (then it would only be in males); more likely used for diet

21
Q

Order Carnivora
Suborder Caniformia
Superfamily Pinnipedia
Family Otariidae

A

Eared seals and sea lions

External ear flaps

Mating systems: Usually harems; males will protect females from being mated with by other males

Sneaker males: Males will wait on outside of harem, slip in when bull male distracted; bull comes over, juvies on other end of harem slip in

Have longest fins, like wings; used for steering; most mobile pinniped on land

Better able to move on land than phocids (true seals); back flippers can move underneath and act as legs

Homodont, peg-like cheek teeth

Notable sexual dimorphism in some species
-Prominent sagittal crest in males

Males 3-4 times larger, sagittal crest increased in size = more muscles

22
Q

Order Carnivora
Suborder Caniformia
Superfamily Pinnipedia
Family Phocidae

A

True seals

No external ear flaps

Hind flippers useless on land

Some have a more specialized diet (crab-eater seal, leopard seal)

23
Q

Order Carnivora
Suborder Caniformia
Superfamily Musteloidea

A

Ailuridae
-Red panda

Mephitidae
-Skunks and stink badger

Procyonidae
-Raccoon, ringtail, and relatives

Mustelidae
-Weasels, badgers, otters, and wolverine

24
Q

Order Carnivora
Suborder Caniformia
Superfamily Musteloidea
Family Ailuridae

A

Red pandas

Monophyletic
-Red panda

Restricted to northern Myanmar and parts of China

Not related to giant pandas

Evolved from Simocyon-like ancestor
-Simocyon was found in N America

Arboreal and largely CREPUSCULAR

Mostly eat bamboo leaves; also berries, flowers, and other plant material

Enlarged radial sesamoid evolved for arboreal grasping (“false thumb”)

Mostly solitary

Endangered throughout their range
-Most is from human influence, some from climate change

Used to be grouped in same family as Giant pandas due to similarities

Giant pandas more closely related to black bears and brown bears

25
Q

Order Carnivora
Suborder Caniformia
Superfamily Musteloidea
Family Mephitidae

A

Skunks and stink badgers

Family found in different places around the world

Moderately small: 0.5-4kg

Conspicuously colored
-Black and white spots or stripes

Formerly placed within Mustelidae

Skunks inhabit most of Western hemisphere

Stink badgers (2 species) inhabit Indonesia, Malaysia, and Philippines

Adapted for digging

Muscular legs, long claws

Nocturnal, solitary, omnivorous

Anal glands spray noxious odor

26
Q

Order Carnivora
Suborder Caniformia
Superfamily Musteloidea
Family Procyonidae

A

Raccoons, ringtails, coatis, kinkajous

Pro = early, cyon = dog: early dogs

New World - Southern Canada through much of South America

Omnivorous and agile climbers

Plantigrade feet, non-retractile or semi-retractile claws

Dexterous forefeet in some species

Tail long - prehensile in kinkajous

Bunodont cheek teeth indicate omnivorous diet in raccoons

27
Q

Order Carnivora
Suborder Caniformia
Superfamily Musteloidea
Family Mustelidae

A

Weasels, stoats, badgers, marein and river otters, wolverine

Nearly cosmopolitan - except Madagascar, Australia, oceanic islands

Typically fairly small, long-bodied carnivores with short limbs and a pushed-in face

Long braincase and short rostrum

Carnassials sectorial in many species

Aggressive hunters

Anal scent glands well developed

Induced ovulation common:
-Typically requires prolonged copulation

Delayed implantation of embryo common

  • May be delayed up to 10 months (badgers)
  • Implantation of the blastocyst takes place in response to environmental cues

Glenoid/mandibular fossa: Deep, creates tight ball-and-socket joint to have good clamping

Sea otter: Cheek teeth bunodont (used for crushing); they eat invertebrates

Braincase is more than half of the size of the skull

Mate in fall, don’t give birth until spring when snow has melted

Induced ovulation: Occurs as a result of prolonged copulation (usually a traumatic copulation (i.e. males have spines on testicles to induce ovulation)

28
Q

Nasal turbinates

A

Delicate, scrolled-up bones in nasal cavity support all of the soft tissue and blood vessels (acts as countercurrent mechanism) needed for good olfaction; exhale through nose to preserve body heat, blood vessels recapture the heat from the air that is being expired

29
Q

Family Felidae: Summary

A

Highly efficient predators

Nearly cosmopolitan distribution

Excellent senses of smell, sight, and hearing

Catch prey with stealthy stalking and quick burst of speed

Many species nocturnal
-Tapetum lucidum present in eye

Digitigrade; most have retractile claws

Many species are agile climbers

Most species solitary
-African lions are social - live in prides

30
Q

Family Hyaenidae: Summary

A

Africa, Turkey, Middle East, parts of India

Large-bodied, forelimbs longer than hind limbs

Robust skull and jaws

Carnassials well-developed

Feet with 4 toes and blunt, non-retractile claws

Both scavengers and predators

Spotted hyenas form large packs or clans

  • Highly social
  • Mostly nocturnal

Striped hyenas more omnivorous

Aardwolf feeds on termites

  • Reduced dentition, simple cheek teeth
  • Delicate skull, inflated auditory bullae
31
Q

Family Herpestidae: Summary

A

Old World distribution

Small, long-bodied carnivores

Diurnal, terrestrial

Anal scent glands well-developed

Some highly social species

Some species fight and kill venomous snakes

32
Q

Family Viverridae: Summary

A

Old World tropical and southern temperate regions

Some are agile climbers, some semiaquatic, others terrestrial

Mostly carnivorous and nocturnal

Long rostrum

Large premolars

Tail long and bushy

33
Q

Family Canidae: Summary

A

Nearly Worldwide distribution

Fossils date to Eocene of North America

Broadly adapted carnivores

Large nasal chamber (excellent sense of smell)

Robust canines

Carnassials present

Molars retain crushing surfaces
-More flexible diet

Limbs generally long

Feet digitigrade

Blunt, non-retractile claws

34
Q

Family Ursidae: Summary

A

5 genera and 8 species

Distribution includes: North America, Eurasia, Malay Peninsula, China, parts of South America, northwest Africa (Atlas mountains, likely extinct)

Large body size

Mostly omnivorous diet (except polar bear and giant panda)
-Polar bear is hypercarnivore

Long rostrum

Post-carnassial teeth robust and adapted to crushing

Limbs powerful, feet plantigrade

Claws non-retractile

Tails very short

35
Q

Superfamily Pinnipedia: Summary

A

Monophyletic group:

  • Walrus
  • Eared seals
  • Earless seals (true seals)

Probably evolved from bear-like ancestor in the northern hemisphere 24-18 Mya

Highly adapted to marine lifestyle

  • Only distal limbs protrude from body
  • Torpedo-shaped body
  • Orbits large
  • Manus and pes fully webbed
  • Diving and swimming ability highly advanced
36
Q

Superfamily Musteloidea: Summary

A
  • Red panda
  • -Arboreal and largely crepuscular; mostly solitary
  • -Restricted to northern Myanmar and parts of China
  • -Mostly eat bamboo leaves; also berries, flowers and other plant material
  • -Mostly solitary
  • Skunks and stink badger
  • -Conspicuously colored (black and white spots or stripes)
  • -Adapted for digging (muscular legs, long claws)
  • -Nocturnal, solitary, omnivorous
  • -Anal glands spray noxious odor
  • Raccoon, ringtail, and relatives
  • -New World - Souther Canada through much of South America
  • -Omnivorous and agile climbers; dexterous forefeet in some species
  • -Plantigrade feet, non-retractile or semi-retractile claws
  • -Tail long (prehensile in kinkajous)
  • Weasels, badgers, otters, and wolverine
  • -Nearly cosmopolitan - except Madagascar, Australia, oceanic islands
  • -Typically fairly small, long-bodied carnivores with short limbs and a pushed-in face
  • -Long braincase and short rostrum
  • -Carnassials blade-like in many species
  • -Aggressive hunters
  • -Anal scent glands well developed
37
Q

Paenungulata

A

Nested in superorder afrotheria

Subungulates

CLADE of mammals

Paenungulata = “almost having hooves”

  • Ungulata = “having hooves”
  • -Hooves = protective coverings made of keratin to protect the distal-most phalanges
  • -Hoof AKA unguis

Plantigrade = tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges contact ground

Digitigrade = tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges contact ground

Digitigrade = tarsals, metatarsals raised; just phalanges contact ground

Unguligrade = unguis (hoof covering the distal-most phalanx) only touches ground

Depoperate = NOT very diverse

Order Proboscidea - Elephants

Order Sirenia - Manatees and sea cows

Order Hyacoidea - hyraxes
–Formerly diverse, included huge species

Order Desmostylia - Desmostylians

  • Amphibious, hippo-like, had proboscis to stick up over water
  • EXTINCT

Common ancestor of paenungulates was probably an amphibious hyracoid that spent a lot of time underwater and used their proboscis for breathing
-Modern elephants do this (up to 6 hrs)

Probably evolved 40-50Mya in the Tethys Sea

38
Q

Paenungulata: Synapomorphies

A

NO clavicles

Short nails on digits, four toes on forefeet

All are non-ruminating, herbivorous, hind-gut fermenters

39
Q

Africa turned into giant island in Late Cretaceous ~70-66Mya

A

Mammals have fermentation chambers to break down plants

Ruminant = brings food back up to chew again; seen in all foregut fermenters, easy to “burp up” food and chew again

Hindgut fermenters = cecum of large intestine becomes fermentation chamber is NOT present in ruminants (can’t burp it up it it’s behind the gut); all of these are HINDGUT fermenters

40
Q

Order Desmostylia

A

Stocky four-legged animals that resembed hippos externally, but their skull structure suggests they are closely related ot elephants and manatees

Ancient paradox: Skull reminiscent of elephant group around this time 40Mya

Assignment of Desmostylia to Afrotheria problematic from a biogeographic standpoint:

  • Africa was the locus of the early evolution of the Afrotheria
  • Desmostylia fossils have only been found along the Pacific Rim
41
Q

Order Proboscidea

A

Elephants

  • Fossils record begins in Eocene of North Africa ~50Mya
  • Diversifies in late Eocene ~40Mya
  • Expands out of Africa in late Oligocene
  • Reached North America in Miocene

Modern elephants are NOT diverse, historically VERY diverse

42
Q

Evolutionary Trends in Proboscidea

A

Graviportal: Locomotion found in large, heavy mammals; legs are directed directly beneath the mass of the body to support heavy weight

Columnar limbs/graviportal locomotion

Enlarged skull and reduced neck

Elongate proboscis

Incisors become tusk-like

Numerous cross lophs on cheek teeth

Sequential replacement of cheek teeth

43
Q

Order Proboscidea

Family Elephantidae

A

Largest living land mammals (up to 7000 kg)

Long, muscular trunk

Large ears (smaller in Elephas)

Digitigrade posture with dense heel pad
-Foot pad: Cushioned layer of connective tissue that the bones rest on

Skull is very high relative to the width

Skull unusually short, high

Contains large air cells

Large air cells allow the skull to be lighter but still have structural integrity
-May also be used in resonance and protection of braincase

Feed on trees, shrubs, grasses, and aquatic plants

Highly social

  • Matriarchal kinship groups
  • Capable of communicating using infrasound over long distances
  • Audible, tactile, and visual communication at short range

Males will travel in groups; as they get older, they get less cooperative with other males

Social unit of elephants is based on related females and their young

Female elephants spend their entire lives in tight-knit matrilineal family groups

22 month gestation - longest of any mammal

Known for memory and ability to recognize selves in mirror

Visit gravesites? Mourn dead relatives?
-We don’t know if they are actually “mourning”

Adult male elephants form bachelor herds or are solitary

Musth

  • Periods of heightened aggression and sexual activity in males
  • Temporal gland secretions

Cracks in skin: Method to retain water as an evaporative cooling mechanism
-Water is absorbed instead of just going in every direction

44
Q

Elephant Tooth Replacement

A

NO canines or incisors in the lower jaw

1 huge cheek tooth gets replaced by posterior cheek tooth

Anterior most end has been broken off and worn down

Elephant teeth are:

  • Hypsodont: high-crowned
  • Lophodont: Lophs/ridges
  • Polyphyodont: Replace teeth multiple times (6)

An elephant will have 6 cheek teeth over the course of its lifetime

There are no more teeth to come after m6; elephants will rarely live past 5 decades because their cheek teeth don’t accommodate that

Elephants in captivity may liver longer due to soft diet

45
Q

Order Sirenia

A

Competely aquatic; the paenungulate version of cetaceans

Dugongs and manatees

Completely aquatic herbivores

Fossils date to early Eocene of Jamaica
-Early sirenians likely capable of terrestrial locomotion

2 genera and 4 living species

5th recent species, Steller’s sea cow, became extinct in 1768

Fossils date to early Eocene of Jamaica
-Early sirenians likely capable of terrestrial locomotion

Distribution around the world:
-East coast of N and C America, African coasts, European coasts

Weighs over 1500kg (3000lbs)

Nearly hairless, thick skin

Nostrils Valvular
-Found in aquatic and semi-aquatic mammals; can close nasal openings to preven water coming in

Deep dentary bone

Middle ear bones massive

Horizontal orientation of lungs
-Allows for even buoyancy; if it was only in chest, only chest would have ballast

Dense, heavy bones provide ballast

  • Ribs are pachyostotic (thick)
  • Ribs, limbs, neural arches are osteosclerotic (dense)
  • Ballast = lets them sink down, obtain neutral buoyancy

Only completely aquatic herbivores

Inhabit coastal seas, large rivers and lakes

Make complex sounds

Long-lived with low reproductive rate

Slow moving grazers

Slow metabolism and little body fat
-Restricted to warmer waters

2 families

Synapomorphies:

1) 5-toed manus enclosed in flipper
2) Pelvis reduced
3) Hind limbs absent
4) Tail is horizontal fluke

46
Q

Order Sirenia

Family Trichechidae

A

Manatees

Rounded, spoon-shaped tail fluke

Only 6 cervical vertebrae

No functional incisors

Cheek teeth covered with enamel

Indefinite number of cheek teeth
-Replaced from behind as needed

47
Q

Order Sirenia

Family Dugongidae

A

Dugongs

Notched flukes

7 cervical vertebrae (normal number)

Incisors present, tusk-like

Cheek teeth large, columnar, and covered with cementum (no enamel)

2-3 cheek teeth in each jaw quadrant

Teeth NOT indefinite

Tusk-like incisors

48
Q

Order Hyracoidea

Family Procaviidae

A

Hyraxes

Africa and Middle East

Earliest fossils from Eocene of Morocco (Northwestern Africa)

Diverse in Paleogene of Africa
-Mouse-sized to horse-sized

Diversity declined in Miocene

  • May have resulted from competition from ungulates that first appeared at this time
  • Diversity declined, possible due to ungulates; ungulate foregut fermentation more efficient in obtaining nutrients

Tree hyrax:

  • Solitary
  • Arboreal
  • Mostly nocturnal

Rock hyraxes:

  • Live in family groups
  • Inhabit kopjes
  • Mainly diurnal
  • use each other’s body heat to stay warm

Rabbit-sized

Deep mandible

Incisors ever-growing, tusk-like

Diastema present

herbivorous

Nimble climbers

Use behavioral thermoregulation (basking)

Rock hyraxes

  • Diurnal with polygynous family groups
  • -Females will care for other young (even of different species!)
  • Heterohyrax and Procavia share rock outcrops and share nurseries (mixed groups of young)

Elastic pads on soles of feet = allow for better traction

Note nails on front feet
-Nails are a paenungulate feature

Mammalogy (11 decks)

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