Lecture 8

Question 1

Animal Estrogens

Answer 1

Sinthesis:

• Mature ovarian-follicle;
• Interstitial cells;
• Placenta;
• Sertoli cells;
• Adrenal cortex;
• Tumors;
• Ovarian cyst;

Question 2

Animal Estrogens(2)

Answer 2

Native product:

• Estradiol

Metabolites:

• Estrone;
• Estriol;

Into the follicle linked-form and sulfuronic glucuronic acid;

In the blood, bind with plasma protein; (sex hormone-binding globulin)

The target organs, is disconnected and, after producing effect, it is metabolized.

Question 3

Animal Estrogens ACTIONS:

Answer 3

Action on: central nervous system

• hypothalamus
• Pituitary
• Reproductive tract
• Metabolism

Action on CNS

• increases the excitability of neurons;
• regulate sexual behavior through specific peptide
• Estrus behaviour :
• Acceptance to mount mare, cow, sheep, bitch; immobility to sow.

Question 4

Animal Estrogens actions on genital tract:

Answer 4

Action on the genital tract:

• Oviduct,
• increases muscle contractility;
• Endometrium:
• hyperemia, hyperplasia, hypersecretion:
• vessels growth
• uterine edema ;

actively proliferating cells, the endometrium becomes
pseudolayered;

stimulates secretion of mucus, translucent;

Activating immune system

Question 5

Animal Estrogens indications

Answer 5

Products:

• Estradiol® (17-β- estradiol);
• Ginosedol® (benzoat de estradiol);
• Estrolent® (estradiol undecilat);
• Etinilestradiol® (etinil- estradiol);
• Menformon (benzoat de estradiol);
• Mesalin (benzoat de estradiol) ş.a.

Question 6

Synthetic estrogens

Answer 6

1. Stilbene derivatives (stilbestrol, diethylstilbestrol)
2. Derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons (dienestrol,hexestrol, benzestrol)

Effects:

• strong, retard effect in small doses;
• therapeutic limitations (cancerous);
• produce ovarian uterine glands cysts &;
• Recommended for cevix opening;
• recommended in cases of hypo-or agalactia;

Products:

• Sintofolin ® (di hexestrol)
• ® diethylstilbestrol (diethylstilbestrol)

Question 7

Vegetal estrogens

Answer 7

The content of estrogen depend on:

1. External factors:

• precipitation curve;
• fertilizers;
• harvest time;
• storage;

2. Genetics.

Question 8

Vegetal estrogens activity

Answer 8

Increased estrogen activity:

• Heavy rains;
• P deficiency;
• Red clover Mowing before flowering;
• alfalfa Mowing during or after flowering;
• The third and fourth alfalfa mowing;
• Silage supplemented with molasses;

Mycetes attack;

Natural drying reduces the estrogen activity,
artificial drying keeps it.

Question 9

Vegetal estrogens metabolism?

Answer 9

Metabolism

• after ingestion, estrogen activity may change;
• ruminal microorganisms and liver enzymes may demethylated phytoestrogens;
• biocanina A → formononetina genistein, daidzein, more active in the cow;
• genistein and p-ethylphenol biocanina A → formononetină, inactive (the sheep) &-ecvol isoflavones (estrogen-action);
• Some of the isoflavones are conjugated and excreted by the kidneys
• Cumestrol eliminating : urine and milk.

Question 10

Vegetal estrogens identification ?

Answer 10

Biological tests in domestic animals

• Criteria: nipples lenght in male lambs, cervical mucus in castared sheep;
• Fluorimetry: formononetin, daidzein, ecvol, cumestrol;
• Radioimunoasay (most of them);
• Immunoenzymatic (ELISA: Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay).

*Normal components, when consumed in moderate
quantities;*

In large quantities, affect fertility.

Males:

• foreskin development
• genital infections

Question 11

Effects of Phytoestrogens on Cattle.

Answer 11

• mammary development;
• swelling of the vulva;
• discharge of cervical mucus;
• enlargement of the uterus;
• cystic ovaries;
• irregular estrus;
• nymphomania;
• anestrous;
• cows failed to conceive to service.
• little effect on male ruminants

Question 12

Vegetal estrogens Mechanisms of action:

Answer 12

• Adversely affect gamete transport;
• Decrease plasma levels of progesterone;
• Increase estrogen levels antepartum;
• Influences the gonadotropins secretion

Question 13

Antiestrogens

Answer 13

Example:

genistein, cumestrolul;

Products:

Clomifen®- block restrogen receptors

Question 14

Mycotoxic Estrogenic Syndrome

Answer 14

Question 15

Mycotoxic Estrogenic Syndrome (2)

Answer 15

Question 16

Mycotoxic Estrogenic Syndrome (3)

Answer 16

Question 17

Mycotoxic Estrogenic Syndrome (4)

Answer 17

Question 18

Progesterone

Answer 18

1. Most blood progesterone, circulate free or transcortin bind, conjugated with glucuronic or sulfuric acid bodyFrom metabolic point of view, progesterone circulate in the in two isoforms (alpha and beta), with plasma proteins ;
2. Plasma and milk progesterone concentrations and corpus luteum development are directly proportional;
3. In the he cow, the blood progesterone is in proestrus, 0.5-1 ng / ml plasma,
4. estrus decreases to 0.5 ng / ml,

• metestru (days 1-5 after ovulation),
• increased to 1.2 ng / ml,
• diestrus 6-16 days to reach 3-6 ng / ml.

Question 19

Progesterone metabolism:

Answer 19

Question 20

Progesterone: Physiological effects and biochemical functions

Answer 20

• CNS:

1. decreases excitability produced by estrogen
2. changing behavior
3. Physiological effects and biochemical functions

• At the metabolic level:

1. Anabolic
2. generally hyperglycemic effect

• In the hypothalamus:

1. Polarized neurosecretor cells → blocks the connection between the hypothalamus and pituitary
2. Synthesis and accumulation of the neurosecretions and
3. gonadotropins;

• The pituitary gland:

1. There are a large number of gestagenic receptors
2. Negative feedback on LH secretion;
3. Blocks the release of gonadotropic hormones

• In the ovary:

1. Antral follicle development & inhibits ovulation;
2. Trophic role

In conclusion, in the genital tract, progesterone produces:

1. cell hypertrophy,
2. uterine hypersecretion
3. Uterine quiescence

Question 21

Synthetic Gestagenic hormones

Answer 21

• Effects:

1. Controlling estrous cycle in animals
2. Administered orally, parenterally, and vaginal; s.c. form implants placed;
3. Blocks the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and thus the release of FSH and LH;
4. After suppression therapy, there is a massive discharge of gonadotropic hormones
5. Does not block the development of follicles that endogenous estrogens may have a favorable effect on the endometrium;

Question 22

Products and formulations containing the progestin

Answer 22

Question 23

Testosteron

Answer 23

• Testosteron: transport

1. Blood circulation linked through the α-globulin (steroid binding globulines)
2. 98% bind to transport proteins

• Testosterone: receptors

1. CNS link testosterone, where has partial
2. estrogen effect;
3. Hypothalamus;
4. Pituitary;
5. Male genital system;
6. Accessory glands.

Question 24

Testosteron: regulation

Answer 24

Question 25

***_Testosteron: effects_***

Answer 25

* ***_Specific action_*** 1. **on the genital area:** 2. **Reproductive development;** 3. **Typical male behavior** 4. **Has a role in pheromone production;** 5. **Acting, in sheep, as antiestrogen;** 6. **Decreases myometrium sensitivity to oxitocine;** * ***_Anabolic effect_*** 1. **potentiates the effect of GH,** 2. **insulin,** 3. **thyroxine;** 4. **increase production of cholesterol;** 5. **Stimulate the development of bone & muscle tissue;*****_e;_*** 6. **Increase endurance**