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A/P > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

Test 2

1
Q

Name 2 pressure sensors.

A

Pacinian Corpuscle
Meissner’s Corpuscle

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2
Q

What is the pressure sensor for the skeletal muscle?

A

Golgi tendon apparatus

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3
Q

What is the stretch sensor in skeletal muscle?

A

Muscle Spindle

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4
Q

What does somatic mean?

A

Sensible - to be able to feel

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5
Q

What are the pain sensors?

A

Free nerve endings; nocieptors

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6
Q

What is adaptation in relation to sensory receptors?

A

Resetting process: sensors can adapt to a change

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7
Q

What is reverse adaptation?

A

Mostly seen with pain. When pain receptor is exposed to prolonged pain and the receptor becomes more sensitive.

Thats why its important to take pain meds when prescribed and to tackle pain immediately

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8
Q

What is 1 way to prevent reverse adaptation?

A

Nerve block. Free nerve ending never exposed to pain therefore preventing the prolonged exposure.

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9
Q

What is an example of adaptation?

A

Baroreceptors in high CO.

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10
Q

What is the job of the somatic sensory receptors?

A

To turn physical force into electrical current

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11
Q

What are the sending and recieving end in synapses called?

A

Pre- and Post-synaptic terminals

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12
Q

Directional Nomenclature: Superior

A

Above

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13
Q

Directional Nomenclature: Inferior

A

Below

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14
Q

Directional Nomenclature: Dorsal

A

Back

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15
Q

Directional Nomenclature: Ventral

A

Front

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16
Q

Directional Nomenclature: Anterior

A

Front

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17
Q

Directional Nomenclature: Posterior

A

Back

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18
Q

Directional Nomenclature: Medial

A

Midline

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19
Q

Directional Nomenclature: Lateral

A

To the side

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20
Q

Directional Nomenclature: Rostral

A

Front and upper

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21
Q

Directional Nomenclature: Caudal

A

Lower and rear

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22
Q

Directional Nomenclature: Distal

A

Further from CNS

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23
Q

Directional Nomenclature: Proximal

A

Closer to CNS

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24
Q

Directional Nomenclature: superficial

A

closer to the skin

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25
Q

Directional Nomenclature: Deep

A

further from the skin

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26
Q

Planes/Cross Sections: Sagittal

A

Separates L from R of the body

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27
Q

Planes/Cross Sections: Coronal

A

Separates anterior from posterior

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28
Q

Planes/Cross Sections: horizontal

A

Separates superior from inferior

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29
Q

Planes/Cross Sections: Oblique

A

Odd angle that is not sagittal, coronal, or horizontal

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30
Q

What are the 2 parts of the brain?

A

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

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31
Q

What does the telencephalon consist of and where is it located?

A

Cerebral hemispheres (cerebral cortex)

It is located superior to the diencephalon

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32
Q

What does the Diencephalon consist of and where is it located?

A

It is the connecting point point between the brainstem and telencephalon. It includes the hypothalamus and thalamus.

Inferior to the telencephalon

Superior to the brainstem

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33
Q

What is the importance of the hypothalamus?

A

It is an importantt control center and sensory area

Includes: infection sensors, body temp sensors, osmo receptors

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34
Q

What is the importance of the thalamus?

A

Important relationship center between cerebral cortex, brain stem, and the rest of the body.

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35
Q

What does the brainstem consist of and their locations?

A
  1. Midbrain (mesencephalon); most superior part of brainstem; inferior to diencephalon
  2. Pons; (Looks like big circle in brainstem) inferior to midbrain; superior to medulla oblongata
  3. Medula oblongata; most inferior part of brainstem; inferior to pons; superior to spinal cord.
  • brainstem anterior to cerebellum; inferior to brain
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36
Q

Neuroanatomy terms: Sulcus

A

Groove

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37
Q

Neuroanatomy terms: Gyrus

A

Lump: lumps of tissue separated by grooves.

multiple lumps called Gyri

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38
Q

Neuroanatomy terms: Fissure

A

Really deep grooves

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39
Q

What are the 4 major Lobes?

A

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal

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40
Q

Describe the Frontal lobe

A

Thinking and movement
Most anterior lobe

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41
Q

Describe the Parietal lobe

A

Senses
Most inferior lobe

42
Q

Describe the Occipital lobe

A

Vision
Most posterior lobe

43
Q

Describe the Temporal lobe

A

Auditory (hearing), language, music
Lateral sides

44
Q

What are the 4 major landmarks in the brain?

A

Central sulcus: separates frontal and parietal lobe

Temporolateral fissure: separates frontal and temporal lobe

Longitudinal fissure: Separates the L and R side of brain (sagittal plane)

Netter Plate 105

45
Q

What is the major anatomical fissure when dissecting the brain?

A

Central Sulcus - separates frontal and parietal lobe

46
Q

Which nerve is part of the CNS?

A

Optic Nerve (cranial nerve II)

47
Q

How does the longitudinal fissure contribute to communication in the brain?

A

It creates a boundary that has to be gone around for communication

48
Q

What is crossover?

A

A place where the L and R side of parts of the CNS can communicate

49
Q

Where does crossover happen in white matter in the brain? Describe

A

Corpus Callosum

Can only see if brain is cut in half (sagittal)

Contains lots of myelinated neurons.

50
Q

Describe Wernicke’s area

A

Language comprehension intelligence

Located in the temporal lobe

51
Q

Describe Broca’s area

A

Word formation (motor skill)

Located in frontal lobe

52
Q

Describe the Precentral gyrus

A

primary motor cortex

Responsible for movement

Most posterior part of frontal lobe

Anterior to the central sulcus

53
Q

Describe the postcentral gyrus

A

Somatic sensory area

Posterior to the central sulcus

Most anterior part of parietal lobe

54
Q

What lobe is responsible for thinking?

A

The most anterior part of the frontal lobe

55
Q

What is the Limbic system responsible for?

A

Emotional responses

Found in various places in brain.

56
Q

Describe the spinal cord

A

Quick problem solving and decision making made in spinal cord (doesnt have to go to brain)

Narrow; not wider than a quarter

Grey matter: Thinking/decision making part of CNS; Cell bodies; Dendrites; axons

White matter (more myelinated axons): Transmitting decisions; mostly axons

57
Q

What is the brain suspended in and why?

A

CSF

It provides a buffer for protection

58
Q

What happens in a concussion?

A

Damage to the grey matter

59
Q

Where does crossover happen in the white matter in the Spine?

A

Anterior White Commissure (AWC)

60
Q

Where does crossover happen in the grey matter in the spinal cord?

A

Lamina X (ten)

61
Q

What shape do you see in the spinal cord?

A

Butterfly

62
Q

Where does sensory information feed into the spinal cord?

A

The Dorsal horns

Posterior part of butterfly in spinal cord

63
Q

Compare the posterior and anterior median fissures

A

The anterior is wider because it has a big artery in it.

64
Q

Describe the central canal

A

Located in the middle of the Lamina X.

Lined with ciliated cells to carry CSF through spinal cord where it exits at the end and surrounds the spinal areas.

65
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

In the brain

66
Q

Where does the motor function exit the spinal cord?

A

The ventral horns. Most anterior part of the butterfly in the spinal cord

67
Q

Why is perfusion so highly regulated in the spinal cord?

A

Because without blood flow there is no communication

68
Q

Where does spinal cord get its blood from?

A

Mostly branches from the intercostal arteries from the ribs that connect to the cord

Arteries:
Posterior
Anterior
Segmental
Sulcal
Coronal

69
Q

Spinal cord venous drainage;

A

Veins:
Posterior
Anterior
Spinal
Radicular
Sulcal

70
Q

__________ sensory through the _________ is when information is going in

A

Ascending

Posterior rootlets

71
Q

__________ motor function through the _________ is when information is going out

A

Descending

Anterior rootlets

72
Q

Point out the Ascending and Descending pathways through the spinal cord

A

Go to blank picture

73
Q

Where do the rootlets come together?

A

the anterior and posterior roots

74
Q

Where do the roots come together?

A

The Spinal nerve

75
Q

What is special about the posterior root?

A

Has a large lump which is a collection of cell bodies from our pseudo unipolar neurons: called the spinal ganglion

76
Q

What are the 5 areas of the spine and how many vertebrae and spinal nerves do each have? How are they oriented?

A
  1. Cervial: 7 vertebrae; 8 spinal nerves. 1 spinal nerve PAIR above C1; all other spinal nerves below vertebrae starting at C2
  2. Thoracic: 12 vertebrae; 12 spinal nerves all below the vertebrae
  3. Lumbar: 5V; 5 spinal nerves all below the vertebrae
  4. Sacral: We start out with 5V at birth and they fuse; 5 spinal nerves located under where each V originally was. S1-S5 spinal nerves but all vertebrae are fused.
  5. Coccygeal: Under sacrum; base of spine; we start off with 4 but they fuse into 2V; 1 pair of spinal nerves
77
Q

Describe the spinal nerve exit points

A

C2-C8: Head, neck, shoulders, arms, hands

T1-T12: bottom of arm-chest/back

L1-L5: pelvis-front of legs

S1-S5: back of legs, butt

78
Q

What is the purpose of our spine being S-shaped?

A

Springy structures with cartlidge thats surrounded by CFS thats good at absorbing shock.

79
Q

What is lordosis?

A

Convex anterior curvature

80
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

Concave posterior curvature

81
Q

Where does the body have natural lordosis?

A

Cervical and Lumbar spine

82
Q

Where does the body have natural kyphosis?

A

Sacral and Thoracic

83
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

Pathologic lateral curvature

84
Q

What gives the humpback look?

A

pathologic thoracic kyphosis

85
Q

What happens when there is too much curvature?

A

Pathologic; spine wont absorb shock well.

86
Q

What is kyphoscoliosis?

A

Pathologic lateral and forward curvature

87
Q

Why cant newborn babies hold their head up?

A

When we are born all we have is kyphotic curvature therefore there’s no balance and spine cant absorb shock.

88
Q

What does foramen mean?

A

Opening

89
Q

What happens to the vertebrae sizes as you go up the spine?

A

They ger smaller

90
Q

What does articular mean?

A

Connecting

91
Q

What are processes?

A

Palpable bony extensions

92
Q

What are the processes in a vertebrae?
Be able to indentify them

A

-Spinous process
-transverse process
-superior articular process
-inferior articular process

93
Q

Identify vertebrae anatomy

A

Refer to a blank picture

94
Q

Where is cartlidge on the vertebrae?

A

Inferior acrticular facet joint

95
Q

Where are the cords and the nerve roots on a vertebrae?

A

Vertebrae foramen

96
Q

The vertebrae foramen is ________ in the C-Spine to accomodate a ________ spinal cord towards the top of the spine.

A

Larger

Larger

97
Q

What vertebraes have bifid spinous processes?

A

C2-C5 almost always
C6 50% of the time
C7 3% of the time

98
Q

What is a bifid?

A

2 projections in the spinous process exclusive to the C-spine

99
Q

What are 2 traits that are special to all C-spine vertebrae?

A

They all have an additional set of foramen located in the transverse process: 2 arteries run through C1-C6; an artery does NOT run through C7

They have a sulcus in the transverse process for spinal nerves; This is a hallowed out transverse processes; This is a groove/cavity that neck spinal nerves lay in.

100
Q

What is C1 called and what does it do?

A

Atlas

Specialized vertebrae to stabilize the skull

Has unique connections with C2

101
Q

What is C2 called and what does it do?

A

Axis

Has a special connection with C1 (Atlas) and helps with the stabilization of the skull.

A/P (6 decks)

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