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Biopsychology > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What does learning mean ?

A

Process by which experiences change our nervous system and hence our behaviour

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2
Q

What is the relationship b/w learning and memory ?

A
  • Linked
  • Typically studied together
  • to remmeber what you learn it has to be coded
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3
Q

Who pioneered classical conditioning ?

A

Ivan Pavlov

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4
Q

What is classical conditioning ?

A

Type of conditioning produced by the pairing of two stimuli, one which evokes an automatic response
* these two stimuli changes the response to one of them

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5
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus ?

A

stimulus that intially elicits no response

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6
Q

What is a unconditioned stimulus ?

A

stimulus that automatically elicits a unconditioned response

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7
Q

What is a unconditioned response ?

A

Response automatically evoked by a unconditioned stimulus

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8
Q

What is a conditioned response ?

A

response evoked by a conditioned stimulus after it has been paired with an unconditioned response

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9
Q

Who is the Father of Behaviourism ?

A

John B. Watson

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10
Q

What is behaviourism?

A

All behaviour are acquired through conditioning

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11
Q

Who is the Mother of Behaviour Therapy ?

A

Mary Cover Jones

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12
Q

What is extinction ?

A

the gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing

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13
Q

What was the Case of Peter (1924) study?

A
  • Peter was 2 yrs and 10 months and was scared of white rats
  • A white rabbit was shown to him and elicited fear
  • A white rabbit was shown again and then was tied to the food that he liked and this reduced his fear
  • Direct conditioning (a.k.a., desensitization) - end of experiment Peter has a postiive response
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14
Q

What was Pavlov’s proposal ?

A

After training, excitation in CS center flows to UCS center, which elicits the same response as UCS

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15
Q

What occurs before traning ?

A

Initially, the UCS excites the UCS center, which excites the UCR center. The CS excites the CS center, which elicits no response of interest

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16
Q

What is an engram ?

A

Physical representation of what has been learned

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17
Q

Who looked at localization with engrams ?

A

Karl Lashley

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18
Q

What did Lashley reason ?

A

Reasoned that if memories were connections between brain areas, they could be severed with a knife

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19
Q

What did Lashley test this one ?

A

Lashley trained rats on mazes and takss, then made cuts to the cortex to try to disrupt performance

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20
Q

What did Lashley find ?

A

Cuts did not impair performance
* Learning did not depend on connections across the cortex

Learning did not depend on a single area in the cotex
* Taking out a chunk of cotex impaired performance, but it was about the chunk take, not the cortical area itself

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21
Q

What are the two principles that Lashley proposed ?

A
  1. Equipotentiality
  2. Mass action
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22
Q

What is equipotentiality ?

A

All parts of the cotex contrubute equally to complex functioning behaviours (e.g., learning) and any part can substitue for any other

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23
Q

What is mass action?

A

The cortex works as a whole and more cortex is better

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24
Q

Who conducted the modern search for the engram ?

A

Richard F. Thompson

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25
Q

What did Thompson study ?

A

Studied classical conditioning of eyelid responses in rabbits

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26
Q

What were the CS, UCS, and UCR-CR in Thompson’s study ?

A
  • CS: Tone
  • UCS: Air-Puff (to rabits eye)
  • UCR-CR: Eye-blink
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27
Q

What was presented to help figure out this location ?

A

A sequence of brain areas from the sensory receptors to motor neurons controlling the muscles
Sensory -A-B-C-D-E-F- Muscles

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28
Q

How does this sequence work ?

A

E.G: If D is in charge of learning, damage to either A,B, or C will prevent learning by blocking the input to D. Damage to E or F will prevent learning by blocking output from D
* damage essentially will impair or eliminate a learned response - breaks connections
* D must be active at the time of learning and so does A,B, and C
* Learning should not require E and F

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29
Q

Which brain area is essential for learning ?

A

Lateral interpositus nucleus (LIP)
* located in the cerebellum

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30
Q

What did research find on the LIP ?

A
  • When LIP was surpressed training had no effect
  • But when it recovered, rabit learned at the same speed as animals that had received no previous training
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31
Q

What is the red nucleus ?

A

a midbrain mortor area that received input from the cerebellum

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32
Q

What occured when the red nucleus was surpressed ?

A

Learning was still occuring in LIP

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33
Q

What occured when the red nucleus recovered ?

A

Learned and able to send it

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34
Q

What was the overall results of the study ?

A
  • Learning is instantiated in the lateral interpositus nucleus (LIP)
  • Red nucleus is required to demonstrate the learning (i.e., execute the eye blink)
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35
Q

Who is the founder of Operant (Intrumental) Conditioning ?

A

BF Skinner

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36
Q

What are the two things involved in operant conditioning ?

A
  1. Reinforcement
  2. Punishment
37
Q

What is reinforment ?

A

Increases the occurence of a response

38
Q

What is positive reinforcement ?

A

Desreiable stimulus added to increase the liklihood of behaviour
i.e.,: Giving a child a sticker; allowance for doing chores

39
Q

What is negative reinforcement ?

A

Undesireable stimulus is removed to increase the likelihood of a behaviour
i.e.: taking chores away for doing good on a test

40
Q

What is punishment ?

A

Decreases the occurence of a response

41
Q

What is positive punishment ?

A

Unpleasant stimulus that is added to decrease the liklihood of a behaviour
i.e.: spanking, scolding a child

42
Q

What is negative punishment ?

A

Desrieable stimulus remvoed to decrease the. likelihood of a behaviour
i.e.: removing toys, video games

43
Q

What is continuous reinforcement ?

A

The desired behaviour is reinfocred every single time it occurs
example: traning your dog to sit with biscuits

44
Q

What is intermittent reinforcement ?

A

Once the response is established, the response is reinfoced only part of the time
i.e.,: getting paid every two weeks, giving a chilf screentime following a tantrum sometimes

45
Q

What two things fall within intermittent reinforcement ?

A
  • Fixed-ratio or Variable ratio (# responses)
  • Fixed-interval or Variable interval (amount of time)
46
Q

What are the two main differences between operant and classical conditioning ?

A
  1. One is responsive (CC) and one is voluntary (OC)
  2. Order
    * Behaviour before stimulus (OC)
    * Stimulus before behaviour (CC)
47
Q

How does operant conditioning work in the brain ?

A
  • Depends on the type ( positive/negative or reinforcement/punishment)
  • Positive Reinforcement occurs in the brains reward system
48
Q

What is statistical learning ?

A

The ability to perceive and learn regulairites
e.g: in language, such as the speech soudns that compromise a word

49
Q

What develops early regarding changes in statistical learning ?

A
  • Caudate
  • Putamen
  • Primary sensory
50
Q

What develops late regarding changes in statistical learning ?

A
  • Inferior temporal
  • Middle temporal
  • Hippocampus
51
Q

What is perceptual learning ?

A

Learning to recognize things

52
Q

What does perceptual learning involve ?

A

Involves perceptual changes from practice or experience

53
Q

What are the mechanisms used in perceptual learning ?

A
  • Attention weighting
  • Imprinting
  • Differentiation
  • Unitization
54
Q

What is relational learning ?

A

Involves learning the temporal and spatial relationships among objects and events

55
Q

What are the details of Short Term Memory ?

A
  • Limited cpacity
  • Fades without rehearsal
  • Usually more contextual detail than LTM
56
Q

What are the details of Long Term Memory (LTM) ?

A
  • Unlimited capacity
  • Indefinite storage time
  • Stimulated with cue/hint, unlike STM
57
Q

What is consolidation ?

A

Action or process of. making something stronger in your LTM
* repetition, giving something meaning and associatiate it with prior knowledge
* occurs from STM to LTM

58
Q

What brain areas are associtated with memory ?

A

Medial Temporal Lobe
* Hippocampus
* Basal Ganglia

59
Q

What is the hippocampus vital for ?

A

Vital for declarative/episodic memory

60
Q

When is the hippocampus active ?

A
  • Memory formation
  • Memory recall
  • Imagining future events
61
Q

What is the hippocampus important for ?

A

Important for visual spatial memory

62
Q

What cells does the hippocampus have ?

A

Cells responsible for spatial memory

63
Q

What are the names of the cells located in the hippocampus ?

A

Place Cells and Time Cells

64
Q

What do Place and Time cells do ?

A

Fire in resoinse to spatial locations and temporal information

65
Q

What is the name of the cells located in the ERC ?

A

Grid cells

66
Q

What do Grid Cells do ?

A

hexagonal grid forming a coordinated system that allows for spatial navigation

67
Q

What is the Basal Ganglia involved in ?

A

Involved in implicit learning of patterns and habits

68
Q

What is the anatomy of the basal ganglia ?

A

Straitum
* Dorasal striatum - Caudate nucleus & Putamen
* Ventral striatum - Nucleus accumbens & Olfactory tubercle

69
Q

What is semantic memory ?

A

Object knowledge learned over many interactions

70
Q

What is episodic memory ?

A

Memory for specific events that you have experienced

71
Q

What is explicit memory ?

A

Conscious

72
Q

What is implicit memory ?

A

Unconscious

73
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

Facts and events

74
Q

What is procedural memory ?

A

Skills and tasks
i.e: how to ride a bike

75
Q

What is autobiographical memory ?

A

The imformation and memories individuals accumulate that creates a unique idenitty and a person sense of continuity

76
Q

How are brain patterns during memory ?

A

Similar to perception

77
Q

What are the two components of memory ?

A
  • Episodic (specific personal events)
  • Semantic (general world knowledge)
78
Q

How is autobiographical memory seen in the brain ?

A
  • More connectivity between the hippocampus and visual processing when recalling episodic memories (left precuneus)
  • The hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex are involed in semantic memory
79
Q

What are some disorders of memory ?

A
  • Amnesia
  • Severely Deficient Autobiographical Memory (SDAM)
  • Korasakoff’s syndrome
  • Dementia
80
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Can’t remember life before the injury

81
Q

What is anterograde amnesia ?

A

Can’t make new memories

82
Q

What was done to Henry Molaison aka HM ?

A

His hippocampus was removed

83
Q

What happened to HM?

A

Bilateral medial temporal lobe removed
* Severe anterograde amnesia - No new episodic memories
* Some retrgrade amnesia

Working memory intact
* Inability to form new memories - explicit/episodic

Procedural learning intact

84
Q

What is infantile amnesia ?

A

The inability of humans to remeber episodic expriences that occured during the first few years of like (generally 0-3)

85
Q

What explains infantile amnesia ?

A

Immaturity of hippocampal system
* Critical period - hippocampus is highly responsive to environmental expreriences might impede storage of episodic details

Input of experiences causes hippocampal system to mature and develop

86
Q

What occurs in SDAM ?

A

Healthy people report a failure to reexperience or recollect specifc events from their past, although their memory for factual information about themselves and the world is intact

87
Q

What is aphantasia ?

A

Inability to visualize in the minds eye

88
Q

What is involved in Korsakoff’s syndrome ?

A
  • Thaimine deficiency
  • Loss of neural activity throughout the brain, especially dorsomedial thalamus
  • Hallmark: confabulation (“honest lying”)
89
Q

What is involved in Dementia ?

A
  • Semantic Dementia: Anterior temporal cortex
  • Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD): Frontol and anterior temporal
  • Alzheimers Disease: Hippocampus

Biopsychology (7 decks)

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