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Biopsychology > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 features of the nervous system ?

A
  • CNS
  • PNS
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2
Q

What does the CNS contain ?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What does the PNS contain ?

A

Nerves and Peripheral ganglia

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4
Q

What is included in the neuroaxis ?

A
  • Dorsal/Superior
  • Anterior/Rostral
  • Posterior/Caudal
  • Ventral/Inferior
  • Medial
  • Lateral
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5
Q

What is Dorsal/Superior ?

A

Dorsal: Toward the back, away fron the ventral (stomach side)
Superior: Above another part

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6
Q

What is Anterior/Rostral ?

A

Toward the front

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7
Q

What is Posterior/Caudal ?

A

Toward the rear end

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8
Q

What is Ventral/Inferior?

A

Toward the stomach, away from the dorsal (back) side

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9
Q

What is medial ?

A

Toward the midline, away from the side

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10
Q

What is lateral ?

A

Toward the side, awaty from the midline

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11
Q

What is the horizontal plane ?

A

A plane that shows brain structure as seen from above

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12
Q

What is the saggital plane ?

A

A plane that shows brain structures as seen from the side

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13
Q

What is the Coronal plane ?

A

A plane that shows brain strutcture as seen from the front

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14
Q

What is the percentage of gray matter in the brain ?

A

40

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15
Q

When does gray matter fully develop ?

A

Once a person reaches their 20’s

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16
Q

What does gray matter do ?

A

Conducts, processes, and sends information to various parts of the body

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17
Q

What does gray matter contain ?

A

Contains most of the brains neuronal cell bodies

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18
Q

What is the percentage of white matter in the brain ?

A

60

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19
Q

What is white matter made up of ?

A

It is made up of bundles which connect various gray matter areas

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20
Q

When does white matter develop ?

A

It develops throughout the 20’s and peaks in middle age

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21
Q

What does white matter do ?

A

Interprets sensory information from various parts of the body

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22
Q

What type of functions does the cortex do ?

A
  • higher-level function
  • decision making
  • language
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23
Q

What type of functions does the subcortex do ?

A

where we process more primitive functions
* emotion processed in the amygdala

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24
Q

What is corpus callosum ?

A

Largest bundle of axons

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25
Q

What is Ipislateral ?

A

Structures located on the same side of the body/neuraxis

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26
Q

What is Contralateral ?

A

Structures located on opposite side of the body/neuraxis

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27
Q

What is Broca’s Aphasia ?

A
  • non-fluent aphasia
  • damage to the inferior frontal gyrus aka Broca’s area
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28
Q

What is Wernicke’s Aphasia ?

A
  • fluent aphasia
  • posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus
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29
Q

What is the function of the forebrain ?

A

To regulate the body’s physiology and is also responsible for thought and sense perception

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30
Q

What is the function of the midbrain ?

A

To coordinate responses to light and sound

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31
Q

What is the function of the hindbrain ?

A

To control many basic bodily functions for survival

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32
Q

What is included in the forebrain ?

A
  • Cerebral Cortex: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
  • Limbic system: olfactatory bulb, amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus
  • Basal ganglia: striatum ( caudate nucleus, putamen), globus pallidus
  • Diencephalon: Thalamus and Hypothalamus
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33
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex ?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Occipital
  4. Temporal
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34
Q

What is the frontal lobe incharge of ?

A

abstract reasoning, emotion, personality, decision making, executive function, motor ( precentral gyrus )

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35
Q

What is the parietal lobe in charge of ?

A

numerical information, and integrates special information, processes sensory info ( postcentral gyrus/primary sensory cortex )

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36
Q

What is the occipital lobe in charge of ?

A

vision perception ( striate cortex/primary visual cortex damage and cortical blindness )

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37
Q

What is the temporal lobe in charge of ?

A

auditory information, memory and learning, language, facial recognition, emotion, and motivation

38
Q

What is the PFC ?

A
  • Prefrontal cortex
  • a brain region that modulates high-order (executive) cognitive processes
39
Q

What is the PFC in charge of ?

A
  • Reasoning
  • Problem solving
  • Comprehension
  • Impulse-control
  • Creativity and perserveance
40
Q

What is cortical homunculus ?

A

How our bodies are represented in the brain

41
Q

What is the limbic system ?

A

Structures that form the epicentre of emotion and behavioural expression

42
Q

What is the limbic system implicated in ?

A
  • Emotions (fear)
  • Anxiety
  • Depression
  • PTSD
  • Alzheimer’s disease
43
Q

What is the amygdala responsible for ?

A

Is responsible for emotions, such as fear, and anxiety

44
Q

What is the hippocampus responsible for ?

A

Is responsible for memory

45
Q

What is the basal ganglia ?

A

Bundles of subcortical nuclei that lie beneath the lateral ventricles, lateral to thalamus

46
Q

What does the basal ganglia include ?

A
  • striatum ( caudaute nucleus, putamen)
  • globus pallidus
47
Q

What is the responsibility of the basal ganglia ?

A
  • Procedural learning
  • Reward system
  • important for motor movement
48
Q

What is basal ganglia implicted in ?

A
  • Parkinson’s
  • Schizophrenia
  • OCD
49
Q

What is diencephalon ?

A

Smaller portion of the forebrain that surrounds the third ventricles

50
Q

What is the thalamus ?

A

Projection fibres connect to the cortical surface to relay sensation, spatial, and motor signal information

51
Q

What is the thalamus responsible for ?

A
  • Acts as a gateway to higher cortical function
  • Regulates consciouesness, sleep, alertness
52
Q

What is the hypothalamus responsible for ?

A
  • Controls the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
  • Fighting, feeding, feeling, mating, sleeping, drinking ( Motivational behaviours )
53
Q

What is the anterior pituary ?

master gland

A

Releases tropic hormones that control secretion and production of hormones in other glands of the endocrine system

54
Q

What is the midbrain ?

mesencephalin

A

Topmost part of the brainstem, the connection central b/w the brain and the spinal cord

55
Q

What are the structures included in the midbrain

A

Tectum and tegmentum

56
Q

What is the tectum ?

A

the roof of the midbrain

57
Q

What is the tegmentum ?

A

contains nuclei for the 12 cranial nerves and part of the reticular formation

58
Q

What is substantia nigra ?

A

Gives rise to the dopamine-containing pathway facilitating readiness for movement

59
Q

What is included in the hindbrain ?

A
  • Metencephalon: pons and cerebellum
  • Myelencephalon: Medulla Oblongata
60
Q

What do pons do ?

A
  • Directs communication between the cerebellum and the forebrain
  • helps control breathing and circulation
61
Q

What does the medulla oblongata do ?

A
  • Influences the brain centers that regulate sleep and waking
  • helps control respiration and circulation
62
Q

What does the cerebellum do ?

A

Integrates what we see, hear, and feel; coordinates balance and movement

63
Q

What 2 nervous systems are within the PNS

A

Somatic and Autonomic

64
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do and include?

A
  • controls the movement of skeletal muscles or transmits somatosensory information to the central nervous system from the skin and sense organs
  • spinal nerves and cranial nerves
65
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do and include ?

A
  • the portion of the PNS that controls the body’s vegetative functions (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands)
  • sympathetic nervous system
  • parasympathetic nervous system
66
Q

What are spinal nerves ?

A

from the vetebral column, fibers travel to muscles or from sensory receptors

67
Q

What is a dorsal root ?

A

allow motor neurons to enter spinal cord

afferent axons

68
Q

What is a ventral root ?

A

allow motor neurons to exit spinal cord

efferent axons

69
Q

What are cranial nerves responsible for ?

A

Sensory/motor function of head and neck

70
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there ?

A

12 pairs that are attatched to ventral surface of brain

71
Q

What occurs in the sympathetic nervous system ?

A

activation associated with energy expenditure and mobilization
(increased blood pressure, heart rate, epinephrine release)
* fight-or-flight (mobilization)

72
Q

What occurs in the parasympathetic nervous system ?

A

processess associated with conserving and restoring energy ( salivation, blood flow to gastrointestinal tract, digestion )
* Rest and Digest (restoration and conservation)

73
Q

What are the 2 categories for research methods ?

A

Non-invasive and invasive

74
Q

What are non-invasive methods ?

A
  • Correlate brain anatomy with behaviour
  • Record brain activity during behaviour
75
Q

What are invasive methods ?

A
  • Examine the effects of brain damage
  • Examine the effects of stimulating a brain area
76
Q

What is phrenology ?

A

The process of relating skull anatomy to behaviour

77
Q

What is a computerized tomography (ct scan) ?

A

Inject dye into the blood and pass X-rays through the head

78
Q

What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ?

A

Applies a powerful magnetic field to image the brain

78
Q

What is a fMRI ?

A

Modified version of a MRI based on hemoglobin

78
Q

What is a electroencephalography (EEG) ?

A

Records electrical activity of the brain thorugh electrodes

78
Q

What is Near-Infared Spectroscopy (NIRS) ?

A

Measures the oxygenation levels of cerebral hemoglobin

78
Q

What is a Magnetoencephalography (MEG) ?

A

Measures faint magentic responses generated by brain activity

78
Q

What can brain damage produce ?

A

inabilty to recognize faces, perceive motion, changes in emotional responses, etc

78
Q

What is a Postiron Emission Tomography (PET) ?

A

Provides a high resolution image of brain activity in a living brain

78
Q

What is lesion ?

A

damage to brain area, often done for research

79
Q

What is ablation ?

A

removal of a brain area

79
Q

What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) ?

A

application of an itnense magnetic field to a portion of the scalp to temporarily deactivate neurons below the magnet

neurostimulator

79
Q

What is Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) ?

A

Passes small electric current ( 1 - 2 mA) through the scalp, skull, and meninges to stimulate the brain

Neuromoderator

79
Q

What is a stereotaxic instrument ?

A

used percisely to identify brain structures

80
Q

What is optogenetics ?

A

A technique that allows researchers to turn on activity in targeted neurons by a device that shines light on the brain using a laser

Biopsychology (7 decks)

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