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hematology > lecture 8 > Flashcards

lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the commonest type of WBCs?

(% = ?)

A

neutrophils

(40-65%)

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2
Q

how do neutrophils appear in the killed and living states?

(diameter = ?)

A
  • killed state –> round
  • living state –> irregular shape

d= 12 micro

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3
Q

what color are neutrophil’s granules? what type are they?

A
  • fine pinkish granules
  • primary or azurophilic
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4
Q

what are neutrophils’ granules rich in?

A

enzymes (myeloperoxidase, acid phosphatase, esterase)

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5
Q

what is the function of the enzymes found in neutrophils?

which is the most important one?

A

important in the ingestion of foreign particles

myeloperoxidase

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6
Q

what is another name for primary granules?

A

azurophilic granules

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7
Q

what is another name for primary granules?

A

azurophilic granules

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8
Q

how many segments can a neutrophil have? what are some conditions associated with them?

A
  • normally 2-5 segments
  • 2-3 majority
  • 4-5 minority
  • increase in nb of cells with 4-5 segments –> shift to the right
  • increase in the nb of segments > 5 –> hypersegmentation
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9
Q

hypersegmentation is encountered in a nb of conditions, such as:

A
  • megaloblastic anemia
  • iron deficiency anemia
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10
Q

what do you know about the drumstick chromosome?

A
  • is an inactivated X chromosome
  • seen in 2-5% of neutrophils in normal females with an XX chromosomal pattern
  • used to identify the gender of a person
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11
Q

neutrophils live for how long in the circulation?

A

7-9 hours

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12
Q

where and how do neutrophils go to after circulating in PB?

A
  • they go to the tissues
  • via diapedesis

diapedesis: squeeze between junctions of endothelial cells

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13
Q

what is the main function of neutrophils? what is it also known as?

A
  • injest and kill microoorganisms (must be able to reach the site of infection in order to do so)
  • known as a microphagocyte (since it cannot injest large particles such as parasites)
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14
Q

what are the 2 types of neutrophil movements?

A
  1. random movement seen under microscopic observation
  2. unidirectional movements towards the stimulus in the presence of a chemotactic factor, process called chemotaxis
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15
Q

what are some chemotactic factors?

A
  • bacterial products
  • complements components (C5a)
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16
Q

what happens once the neutrophil reach the invading organism?

(all the steps)

A
  1. forms a membrane folding (pseudopodia) around the bacterial cell
  2. engulfs it into a phagocytic vacuole (phagosome)
  3. fuses with a lysosome
  4. neutrophil releases its lysosomal contents into the phagocytic vacuole (degranulation)
  5. kills the bacteria
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17
Q

what is degranulation?

A

it is when the neutrophils release all its lysosomal content into the phagosome containing the bacteria

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18
Q

what happens if there was a defect in any of the steps in the phagocytic process?

A
  • result in a disease state
  • recurrent infections
  • disorder known as Chediak-Higashi syndrome
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19
Q

how do neutrophils leave the body?

A

via excretions from
* intestinal tract
* urinary tract
* lungs
* salivary glands

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20
Q

what is the size of eosinophils?

d= ?

A

eosinophils are a bit larger than neutrophils

d= 12-17 micro

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21
Q

what are the characteristics of the nucleus of the eosinophil?

shape

A
  • bilobed (segmented)
  • sometimes has a small triangular lobe in the middle
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22
Q

what color are eosinophils’s granules? what type are they?

A
  • golden-yellow in color
  • large uniform refractile granules
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23
Q

what is the function of eosinophils?

(in details)

A
  1. function as phagocytes but move more slowly + have less intracellular killing ability than neutrophils
    * respond to chemotactic factors but prefer factors secreted by mast cells & basophils (histamine)
    * drawn to the site of immediate hypersensitivity reactions (allergic reactions)
  2. act as killer cells
    * have receptors on its surface for certain parasitic larvae
    * larva enters the body –> detected by receptors –> eosinophils come & stick to the larvae –> degranulate (release their granules) –> kill the parasite
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24
Q

the function of eosinophils as killer cells is observed with all parasitic infestations

(T/F)

A

false, not will all parasitic infestations

only with parasites that have some tissue cycle in the body

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25
Q

what are the chemotatctic factors that eosinophils prefer to respond to?

A

factors secreted by mast cells & basophils (histamine)

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26
Q

what is the life span of eosinophils in the circulation?

A
  • lifespan is short
  • 5-8 hrs in circulation
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27
Q

where do eosinophils go after circulation? and for how long?

A
  • go to the same tissues as neutrophils
  • remain for many days
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28
Q

eosinophils remain in the tissues then pass in the secretions very rapidly

(T/F)

A

false, neutrophils

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29
Q

what is the size of a basophil?

A

similar in size as the eosinophil

30
Q

what are the characteristics of the nucleus of a basophil?

A

2 or 3-lobed nucleus

31
Q

what color are basophils’s granules? what type are they?

A
  • large black granules
  • vary in size
  • cover the whole cell, nucleus, cytoplasm
32
Q

what are basophils’ granules rich in?

when are they released?

A

contain very important biologic substances:
* histamine
* heparin
* prostaglandins
* leukotrienes

released during severe allergic reactions (anaphylactic reaction /or allergic type 1 reactions/ hypersensitivity reaction type 1)

+ responsible for the different clinical symptoms associated with them

33
Q

what is the function of basophils?

A
  1. injest particles (have less phagocytic capacity than eosinophils+neutrophils)
  2. secretory function (releases its granule contents to the outside of the cell by exocytosis following exposure to stimulus)
  3. participates in allergic reactions
34
Q

what is the lifespan of basophils?

A

short lifespan (similar to eosinophil)

35
Q

what happens to basophils after they enter the tissues?

A

it is still unknown

36
Q

monocytes are not known as granulocytes since they do not contain specific granules

(T/F)

A

false, they are not known as granulocytes yet they contain many specific granules

37
Q

what is the size of a monocyte?

d=?

A

large cell

d= 12-20 micro

38
Q

what is the largest cell in the PB?

A

monocyte

39
Q

how do monocytes appear in the fixed and living states?

A
  • fixed state (alcohol) –> round
  • living state –> irregular
40
Q

what characteristics does the nucleus of a monocyte have?

A
  • quite large
  • lies to one side of the cell
  • nuclear shape is unimportant since it can assume many shapes
  • has very delicate chromatin (lacy or dentel like)
41
Q

what cells have their nucleus lying on one side of the cell?

(from this and previous lecture)

A
  • monocytes
  • metamyelocyte
  • unsegmented neutrophil (band cell)
42
Q

how many nucleoli do eosinophils and basophils have?

A

0

43
Q

how many nucleoli do monocytes have?

A

0

44
Q

what are the characteristics of the cytoplasm of a monocyte?

what does it contain

A
  • abundant
  • blue-gray in color
  • thick & opaque in appearance
  • rich in many specific pinkish granules, with or without occasional vacuoles
45
Q

do monocytes contain granules? if yes what do they contain

A
  • yes monocytes contain granules
  • may contain occasional vacuoles
  • rich in many enzymes, most important myeloperoxidase
46
Q

granules of neutrophils and basophils contain enzymes (myeloperoxidase, acid phosphatase, esterase)

(T/F)

A

false, neutrophils and monocytes

basophils contain important biological substances

47
Q

what is the function of monocytes? what is it also known as?

A
  • in phagocytosis
  • also known as macrophages (can phagocytize large particles, such as whole cells & parasites)
  • play a major defense system
48
Q

where is the monocyte formed?

A

in the BM

49
Q

how long do the monocytes circulate in PB?

A

around 12 hours

50
Q

where do monocytes go after circulation?

A

tissues such as the spleen and lymph nodes

they become tissue macrophages

51
Q

how long do monocytes remain in the tissues?

A

can remain alive for several months

52
Q

unlike other blood cells, what can monocytes do in the tissues?

A

they can divide in the tissues

53
Q

what is the size of a lymphocyte?

d= ?

A
  • is a variable cell
  • can occur in varying sizes (small, medium, large)

d= 8-16 micro m

54
Q

the larger the lymphocyte, the more abundant the cytoplasm will be

(T/F)

A

true

55
Q

the adult lymphocyte is also known as:

A

the small lymphocyte

56
Q

what is the commonest type of lymphocyte?

d= ?

A

small lymphocyte

d= 8-10 micro

57
Q

what are the characteristics of the nucleus of a small lymphocyte?

(include chromatin)

A
  • nucleus large compared to the size of the cell
  • almost fills the whole cell (high nucleus/cytoplasm ratio)
  • round/oval
  • slightly indented (can see >1 indentation)
  • chromatin quite dense & clumped (dont see chromatin detail –> nucleus appears as one mass)
58
Q

how many nucleoli are seen in a small lymphocyte?

A

ya 0 ya it contains a nucleolus but cannot be seen under ordinary microscope

mahada byaarif

59
Q

what are the characteristics of the cytoplasm of a small lymphocyte?

what does it contain

A
  • it forms a thin rim around the nucleus (so small it cannot be seen)
  • has a moderate to dark blue coloration
  • completely transparent
  • contains 1-2 nonspecific azurophilic granules (unimportant)
60
Q

in children we find smaller lymphocytes

(T/F)

A

false, larger lymphocytes

61
Q

what are the characteristics of the cytoplasm & nucleus of a medium lymphocyte?

d= ?

A
  • cytoplasm is more abundant
  • pale to moderately blue in color
  • may or may not contain few nonspecific azurophilic granules
  • nucleus round/ oval
  • may be slightly indented
  • chromatin clumped but not as dense

d= 10-12 micro

62
Q

how many nucleoli are seen in a medium lymphocyte?

A

0

63
Q

what are the characteristics of the cytoplasm & nucleus of a large lymphocyte?

d=?

A
  • cytoplasm more abundant
  • very pale blue
  • may or may not contain few nonspecific azurophilic granules
  • nucleus round/oval
  • may be slightly indented
  • chromatin coarse but to a lesser degree

d= 12-16 micro

64
Q

how many nucleoli are seen in a large lymphocyte?

A

1 nulceoli may be seen

65
Q

what is the function of lymphocytes?

A
  • vital to the immune system
  • production of circulating antibodies
  • expression of cellular immunity
66
Q

using special staining procedures, lymphocytes are negative for peroxidase, choracetate esterase, acid phosphates

(T/F)

A

false, peroxidase, chloracetate esterase, alkaline phosphates

67
Q

using special staining procedures, lymphocytes are positive for:

A

acid phosphates

68
Q

do lymphocytes respond to foreign antigens by phagocytizing them?

A

no, it reacts differently to these antigens

69
Q

lymphocytes are not actively motile

(T/F)

A

false, they are actively motile, can move from the circulation to the tissues where it is needed

70
Q

what are downy cells?

A

abnormal lymphocytes

71
Q

when are downy cells incountered in PB?

A

in some disease conditions such as viral infections

72
Q

what are the 3 types of downy cells?

A
  1. atypical lymphocyte
  2. blast-like lymphocyte with a hyperbasophilic cytoplasm
  3. plasmacytoid lymphocyte

hematology (10 decks)

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