lecture 7 Flashcards
are WBCs true cells? and why?
WBCs are true cells since they possess a nucleus
what are WBCs involved in?
defense mechanisms against foreign antigens
WBCs are divided into 2 major categories, what are they?
- granulocytes
- mononuclear cells
what are granulocytes? + name them
(everything uk about granulocytes and its contents)
- cells that are characterized by prominent specific granules
- these granules differ in pH
- have a segmented nucleus
- neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
what are mononuclear cells? + name them
- cells that are characterized by an unsegmented single-rounded nucleus
- monocytes, lymphocytes
is the mononuclear cells’ nucleus segmented or not?
no
what are neutrophils?
(stains, pH, color…)
- posses neutral granules
- stained by romanowsky stain
- pink color
fiya tkun purple color kamen
what are eosinophils?
(stains, pH, color..)
- possess basic granules
- stained with acidic dye (eosin)
- golden-yellow color
fiya tkun bright red in color kamen
what are basophils?
(stains, pH, color…)
- posses acidic granules
- stained with basic dye (methylene blue)
- bluish-black color
who is the macrophage of the peripheral blood?
monocytes
what is the % of each leukocyte in PB?
- neutrophils 40-65%
- eosinophils 1-4%
- basophils <1%
- lymphocytes 25-40%
- monocytes 2-8%
normally __% of neutrophils are segmented
2%
increase in number of neutrophils indicates what disease state:
- bacterial infection
- myelogenous leukemia
- appendicitis
increase in number of eosinophils indicates what disease state:
- allergic reaction
- parasitic infestation
increase in number of basophils indicates what disease state:
malignancy such as CML
CML (chronic myeloid leukemia)
increase in number of lymphocytes indicates what disease state:
viral infection
increase in number of monocytes indicates what disease state:
- tuberculosis
- brucellosis
- typhoid
do monocytes and lymphocytes both have cytoplasmic granules?
no, only monocytes
what is the differential count?
test perfomed to differentiate between different types of WBCs per 100 WBCs
what stain do we use in the differential count?
wright and giemsa
what is the procedure of the differential count?
- blood smear + dry
- stain with wright and giemsa (blood coloration)
- microscope at low magnification (to find good distribution of cells)
- add a drop of oil
- switch to oil immersion (high magnification)
- count WBCs
what does the presence of nucleated RBCs in PB signals?
- signals a regenerative response by the BM to anemia
- accompanied by reticulocytosis
why do we correct WBC count?
since nucleated RBCs are counted by all hematology analyzers as WBCs => we need to correct
what is the formula of corrected WBC count?
corrected WBC = uncorrected WBC x 100 / nRBCs(per 100 wbc) + 100
what is the first recognizable cell in the myeloid series?
myeloblast
type 1 myeloblast key points
(size, chromatin, cytoplasm…etc)
- immature myeloblast
- large cell
- nucleus is large and rounded
- chromatin is fine
- 2-5 nucleoli
- cytoplasm abundant and basophilic in color
- no granules
what happens to the number of nucleoli as the cell becomes more mature?
decrease in nb
type 2 myeloblast key points
(size, chromatin, cytoplasm…etc)
- mature myeloblast
- presence of primary granules
- less nucleoli
- chromatin becomes denser
- cytoplasm less basophilic
- capable of mitosis –> gives a promelocyte
in myeloblast type 1, primary granules should not exceed 15 in number
(T/F)
false, myeloblast type 2
promyelocyte key points
(size, chromatin, cytoplasm…etc)
- larger in size
- chromatin little more condensed
- 1-2 nucleoli
- cytoplasm more abundant, but less basophilic
- numerous primary granules are present
- capable of mitosis –> gives a myelocyte
at what stage do the formation of primary granules stop?
promyelocyte stage
myelocyte key points
(size, chromatin, cytoplasm…etc)
- largest cell
- nucleus round or oval
- chromatin more condensed
- rudimentary (very small) nucleolus not seen unless under an electron microscope
- cytoplasm more abundant but has lost all of its basophilia (not bluish –> pinkish)
- appearance of secondary granules (neutrophilic, eosinophilic, basophilic)
- fewer primary granules
- undergo mitosis to give metamyelocyte
at what stage do we have the last mitotic division?
myelocyte stage
beyond this we have only maturation
metamyelocyte key points
(size, chromatin, cytoplasm…etc)
- cell is smaller
- nucleus is cresent shape and to one side of the cell
- secondary granules are more abundant, very few primary
- will mature into a band cell
what is another name for the band cell?
unsegmented neutrophil/cell
what are the characteristics of the nucleus of a metamyelocyte?
kif shakla + location
- cresent shape
- to one side of the cell
unsegmented neutrophil (band stage) key points
(size, chromatin, cytoplasm…etc)
- nucleus is at the periphery + band shaped
- chromatin is significantly condensed
- no nucleoli
- few mitochondria and ribosomes
- completely loaded with secondary granules, very few primary
- matures into the final segmented form
neutrophil (final stage)
(size, chromatin, cytoplasm…etc)
- as band cell gets more mature –> starts undergoing segmentation
- nucleus constricts and divides the band into 2 segments –> 3 –> 4 –> 5 segments max
- lobes are connected by a threadlike filament that does not contain chromatin
- very few primary granules, numerous specific granules
