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hematology > lecture 7 > Flashcards

lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

are WBCs true cells? and why?

A

WBCs are true cells since they possess a nucleus

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2
Q

what are WBCs involved in?

A

defense mechanisms against foreign antigens

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3
Q

WBCs are divided into 2 major categories, what are they?

A
  • granulocytes
  • mononuclear cells
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4
Q

what are granulocytes? + name them

(everything uk about granulocytes and its contents)

A
  • cells that are characterized by prominent specific granules
  • these granules differ in pH
  • have a segmented nucleus
  • neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
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5
Q

what are mononuclear cells? + name them

A
  • cells that are characterized by an unsegmented single-rounded nucleus
  • monocytes, lymphocytes
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6
Q

is the mononuclear cells’ nucleus segmented or not?

A

no

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7
Q

what are neutrophils?

(stains, pH, color…)

A
  • posses neutral granules
  • stained by romanowsky stain
  • pink color

fiya tkun purple color kamen

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8
Q

what are eosinophils?

(stains, pH, color..)

A
  • possess basic granules
  • stained with acidic dye (eosin)
  • golden-yellow color

fiya tkun bright red in color kamen

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9
Q

what are basophils?

(stains, pH, color…)

A
  • posses acidic granules
  • stained with basic dye (methylene blue)
  • bluish-black color
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10
Q

who is the macrophage of the peripheral blood?

A

monocytes

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11
Q

what is the % of each leukocyte in PB?

A
  • neutrophils 40-65%
  • eosinophils 1-4%
  • basophils <1%
  • lymphocytes 25-40%
  • monocytes 2-8%
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12
Q

normally __% of neutrophils are segmented

A

2%

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13
Q

increase in number of neutrophils indicates what disease state:

A
  • bacterial infection
  • myelogenous leukemia
  • appendicitis
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14
Q

increase in number of eosinophils indicates what disease state:

A
  • allergic reaction
  • parasitic infestation
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15
Q

increase in number of basophils indicates what disease state:

A

malignancy such as CML

CML (chronic myeloid leukemia)

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16
Q

increase in number of lymphocytes indicates what disease state:

A

viral infection

17
Q

increase in number of monocytes indicates what disease state:

A
  • tuberculosis
  • brucellosis
  • typhoid
18
Q

do monocytes and lymphocytes both have cytoplasmic granules?

A

no, only monocytes

19
Q

what is the differential count?

A

test perfomed to differentiate between different types of WBCs per 100 WBCs

20
Q

what stain do we use in the differential count?

A

wright and giemsa

21
Q

what is the procedure of the differential count?

A
  • blood smear + dry
  • stain with wright and giemsa (blood coloration)
  • microscope at low magnification (to find good distribution of cells)
  • add a drop of oil
  • switch to oil immersion (high magnification)
  • count WBCs
22
Q

what does the presence of nucleated RBCs in PB signals?

A
  • signals a regenerative response by the BM to anemia
  • accompanied by reticulocytosis
23
Q

why do we correct WBC count?

A

since nucleated RBCs are counted by all hematology analyzers as WBCs => we need to correct

24
Q

what is the formula of corrected WBC count?

A

corrected WBC = uncorrected WBC x 100 / nRBCs(per 100 wbc) + 100

25
Q

what is the first recognizable cell in the myeloid series?

A

myeloblast

26
Q

type 1 myeloblast key points

(size, chromatin, cytoplasm…etc)

A
  • immature myeloblast
  • large cell
  • nucleus is large and rounded
  • chromatin is fine
  • 2-5 nucleoli
  • cytoplasm abundant and basophilic in color
  • no granules
27
Q

what happens to the number of nucleoli as the cell becomes more mature?

A

decrease in nb

28
Q

type 2 myeloblast key points

(size, chromatin, cytoplasm…etc)

A
  • mature myeloblast
  • presence of primary granules
  • less nucleoli
  • chromatin becomes denser
  • cytoplasm less basophilic
  • capable of mitosis –> gives a promelocyte
29
Q

in myeloblast type 1, primary granules should not exceed 15 in number

(T/F)

A

false, myeloblast type 2

30
Q

promyelocyte key points

(size, chromatin, cytoplasm…etc)

A
  • larger in size
  • chromatin little more condensed
  • 1-2 nucleoli
  • cytoplasm more abundant, but less basophilic
  • numerous primary granules are present
  • capable of mitosis –> gives a myelocyte
31
Q

at what stage do the formation of primary granules stop?

A

promyelocyte stage

32
Q

myelocyte key points

(size, chromatin, cytoplasm…etc)

A
  • largest cell
  • nucleus round or oval
  • chromatin more condensed
  • rudimentary (very small) nucleolus not seen unless under an electron microscope
  • cytoplasm more abundant but has lost all of its basophilia (not bluish –> pinkish)
  • appearance of secondary granules (neutrophilic, eosinophilic, basophilic)
  • fewer primary granules
  • undergo mitosis to give metamyelocyte
33
Q

at what stage do we have the last mitotic division?

A

myelocyte stage

beyond this we have only maturation

34
Q

metamyelocyte key points

(size, chromatin, cytoplasm…etc)

A
  • cell is smaller
  • nucleus is cresent shape and to one side of the cell
  • secondary granules are more abundant, very few primary
  • will mature into a band cell
35
Q

what is another name for the band cell?

A

unsegmented neutrophil/cell

36
Q

what are the characteristics of the nucleus of a metamyelocyte?

kif shakla + location

A
  • cresent shape
  • to one side of the cell
37
Q

unsegmented neutrophil (band stage) key points

(size, chromatin, cytoplasm…etc)

A
  • nucleus is at the periphery + band shaped
  • chromatin is significantly condensed
  • no nucleoli
  • few mitochondria and ribosomes
  • completely loaded with secondary granules, very few primary
  • matures into the final segmented form
38
Q

neutrophil (final stage)

(size, chromatin, cytoplasm…etc)

A
  • as band cell gets more mature –> starts undergoing segmentation
  • nucleus constricts and divides the band into 2 segments –> 3 –> 4 –> 5 segments max
  • lobes are connected by a threadlike filament that does not contain chromatin
  • very few primary granules, numerous specific granules

hematology (10 decks)

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