Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

hematology > lecture 11 > Flashcards

lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

during embryonic life, blood cell development occurs in many organs, what are they?

A
  • yolk sac
  • liver
  • spleen
  • BM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

by the 9th month of fetal life, what organ is the main site of blood cell production?

A

BM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the rest cells?

A
  • when BM becomes the main site of blood cell production, other organs (spleen,liver) will stop producing cells
  • however, some cells remain in these organs (liver, spleen) known as rest cells
  • rest cells can revert back to the production of blood cells if something goes wrong to the BM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

blood cell formation is called:

A

hematopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the adjective for marrow is known as:

A

medullary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

when blood cell formation occurs in the BM, it is known as:

A

medullary hematopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

when blood cell formation occurs outside the BM, it is known as:

A

extramedullary hematopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the bone marrow is a single organ

(T/F)

A

true
(although BM is distributed all over the body, it can be considered as a single organ)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the main function of the BM?

A

production of blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what happens when the BM fails?

A
  • production of cells fails
  • leads to many diseases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where is the BM located?

(in adults)

A
  • fills the space between the 2 bony parts of the flat bones
  • skull
  • sternum
  • pelvis
  • spine (vertebrae)
  • ribs
  • proximal extremities of long bones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

BM is a cellular structure

(T/F)

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

BM fills the space between 2 bony parts of long bones

(T/f)

A

false, flat bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where is the BM located in children that is not found in adults?
and why?

A
  • BM fills long bones
  • because as the person grows, the marrow within long bones is replaced by fats
  • so active BM remains only in flat bones

(in children BM fills all bones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

rest cells are only found in the liver and spleen

(T/F)

A

false, also in the long bones of adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

in children, long bones are filled with fat

(T/F)

A

false, adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

in an adult, how much is the total weight of the BM?

A
  • 1 1/2 kg
  • exactly the weight of the liver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the difference betweent the marrow structure of long bones in young persons and elderly?

A
  • in young persons, BM is cellular
  • as person grows older, blood cells become replaced by fats cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the cells present in the BM?

(what is found within the BM)

A
  • erythroid cells
  • myeloid cells
  • megakaryocytes
  • plasma cells
  • mast cells
  • histiocytes
  • osteoblasts
  • osteoclasts
  • fibroblasts
  • some fat cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the BM has a very rich blood supply and specialized vessels called:

A

marrow sinusoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what do the marrow sinosoids consist of?

A

consist of a single lining of endothelial cells, the edges of which overlap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

whatever comes out of the BM, has to first pass through:

A

marrow sinusoids
(from sinusoids to veins, from veins to the rest of the circulation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

examination of the BM is a widely used method for what purposes?

A

diagnosis of many hemtologic diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

why is the examination of the BM, a valuable procedure?

A
  • determines the presence of specific/ diagnostic cells found in the BM but absent from the PB
  • helps us in assessing the cellularity of the BM, iron stores, distribution of different series…
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

when we look at the BM slide, how do we evaluate the cellularity of the BM?

A

we look at the cells which are between the marrow particles called spicules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what color are the cells found between the spicules? what stain?

A
  • appear as blue masses
  • wright and giemsa stain

under low power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what should be the cellularity of the BM?

A

normocellular (depends on the age)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are the giant cells seen under low power in a BM slide? how are they estimated?

A
  • megakaryocytes
  • estimate their nbs (1-3/LPF)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

under what power objective a differential count is made? and based on what count?

A
  • oil immertion objective (100x)
  • 500-600 nucleated cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

how much % of erythroid and myeloid cells are normally found in the BM?
what is the myeloid/erythroid ratio?

A
  • erythroid cells 20%
  • myeloid cells 80%
  • myeloid/erythroid ratio (M/E ratio) is 3/1-4/1
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

myeloid cell age is longer than that of the erythroid cell

(T/F)

A

false,
erythroid cell age is longer than that of the myeloid cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

the erythroid/myeloid ratio is 3/1-4/1

(T/F)

A

false, myeloid/erythroid ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

most blood cells develop from cells in the BM called:

A

stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

stem cells have 2 important characteristucs, what are they?

A
  1. ability to give rise to new stem cell (self-renewal)
  2. ability to differentiate into any of the blood cell lines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

stem cells are morphologically identifiable

(T/F)

A

false, not morphologically identifiable

we cannot recognize stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

stems cells look very similar to:

A

small or intermediate lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

the earliest stem cell or the mother cell for all is a what type of stem cell

A

pluripotent stem cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

pluripotent stem cell gives rise to:

A
  • B and T lymphocytes
  • granulocytes
  • monocytic cells
  • megakaryocytes
  • erythroid cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what type of cells present in the BM is important to be able to identify them because they may be confused with other cells?

A
  • macrophages
  • mast cells
  • osteoblasts
  • osteoclasts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

macrophages, mast cells, osteoblasts, & osteoclasts, may be confused with other cells that are:

A
  1. normal
  2. pathologic
41
Q

macrophages, mast cells, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, are seen frequently

(T/F)

A

false, not seen frequently

42
Q

what are plasma cells?

briefly in 2 words

A

tissue cells

43
Q

where are plasma cells located/ found?

A
  • plasma cells are seen wherever lymphocytes and histiocytes are found
  • BM
  • LN
  • spleen
44
Q

plasma cells are found wherever lymphocytes and macrophages are seen

(T/F)

A

true

macrophages = histiocytes

45
Q

do plasma cells normally enter the circulation?

A

no

46
Q

what condition do we have if plasma cells enter the circulation?

A

plasma cell leukemia

47
Q

what is the plasma cell morphology?

what are its characteristics?

A
  • round/oval shape
  • small nucleus & eccentrically placed (to one side)
  • dark bluish cytoplasm
  • unstained area next to the nucleus (golgi body)
47
Q

what is the plasma cell morphology?

what are its characteristics?

A
  • round/oval shape
  • small nucleus & eccentrically placed (to one side)
  • dark bluish cytoplasm
  • unstained area next to the nucleus (golgi body)
48
Q

why do we have an unstained area next to the nucleus of a plasma cell?

A

due to the golgi body

49
Q

plasma cells constitute how much of the BM nucleated cells?

A

<1%

50
Q

in what conditions do we see an increase in plasma cells?

A
  • infections
  • plasma cell disorders such as multiple myeloma (highest counts)
51
Q

what is the % of plasma cells in plasma cell disorders?

A

20% or more

52
Q

what is the mast cell?

briefly in 2 words

A

tissue basophil

53
Q

mast cells are widely distributed in the body, and normally found in the PB

(T/F)

A

false, not normally found

54
Q

where are mast cells found in the body?

A
  • BM
  • tissues
55
Q

mast cells originate from which type of stem cell?

A

from the same pluripotent stem cell (CD34+) as basophils

56
Q

how are mast cells distributed to the tissues?

(via shu + kif shaklon)

A
  • via blood
  • as nongranulated mononuclear cells
57
Q

mast cells arise from the same stem cell as basophils, and are granulated

A

false, nongranulated mononuclear cells

58
Q

what do mast cells do in the tissues?

A
  • continue to differentiate
  • develop granules

lifespan ranging from weks to months

59
Q

mast cells are similar in appearance to what type of cell?

A

basophils

60
Q

how do mast cells differ from basophils?

A
  • larger in size than basophils
  • small round nucleus (centrally located)
  • more abundant cytoplasm
  • granules are unform, round & more numerous
  • granules are located around the nucleus
61
Q

what do the granules of a mast cell contain?

A

heparin and histamine

62
Q

how are the granules discharged from the mast cell?

A

discharge granules outside the cell (exoplasmosis)

63
Q

how are the granules distributed inside the nucleus?

A

they are located around the nucleus

64
Q

mast cells may be increased in association with:

A
  • injury to the BM because of some disease (refractory anemia, aplastic anemia)
  • cancer of the lymphoid tissue involving the BM (CLL)
65
Q

mast cells are rarely seen in the BM

(T/F)

A

true

66
Q

what is the most important function of mast cells and basophils?

A

role in immediate hypersensitivity reactions

67
Q

what is another name for macrophages?

A

histiocytes

68
Q

macrophages are the progeny of what cells?

A

monocytes

69
Q

what functions does the macrophage perform?

(briefly)

A
  1. phagocytic function
  2. immunologic function
70
Q

the morphology of macrophages is always the same

(T/F)

A

false, differs with their locations

71
Q

macrophages are the most mature cells in what system?

A

in the mononuclear phagocyte system

72
Q

how does the macrophage appear in the BM?

(shakla + constituents)

A
  • large cell
  • d=30 micro m
  • irregular (on film preparation)
  • pseudopods seen
  • nucleus is large, round/oval
  • chromatin is spongy/ reticular in pattern
  • 1 or more nulceoli
  • cytoplasm abundant, light gray to blue
  • contain ingested materials (RBC, WBC, platelets, microorganisms, debris)
  • cytoplasmic vacuoles
  • azurophulic granules
73
Q

in normal marrow, macrophages comprise ____% of nucleated cells

A

<1%

74
Q

in what conditions does the nb of macrophages increase?

A

disorders characterized by rapid cellular turnovers
* hemolytic anemias
* solid tumors
* leukemias

75
Q

morphologically abnormal macrophages are seen in what conditions?

A

congenital storage diseases
* gaucher disease (most common)
* neimann-pick disease

76
Q

what causes congenital storage diseases?

A

result from the lack of a functional enzyme required for breakdown of lipids ingested by macrophages

77
Q

what causes gaucher disease?
what happens?

A
  • enzyme deficiency (beta-glucosidase)
  • causes accumulation of lipid material (glucocerobrosides) in macrophages
  • resulting in characteristic cells –> gaucher cells
78
Q

what causes neimann-pick disease? what happens?

A
  • lack of sphingomyelinase
  • abnormal accumulation of sphingomyelin
79
Q

what do we see in the histiocyte cytoplasm in neimann-pick disease?

A

shows droplets of fats that stain poorly with the wright stain

80
Q

gaucher cells morphology

A
  • round/oval & small eccentric nucleus
  • cytoplasm faintly blue & made of long thin empty tubes that stain lightly with wright stain (blue fibers)
81
Q

what stain do we use for neimann-pick and gaucher cells?

A

wright stain

82
Q

neimann-pick cells morphology

A
  • baloon like
  • single nucleus
  • cytoplasm foamy
  • full of small spherical droplets of uniform size
83
Q

what are the non-hematopoietic stem cells?

A
  • osteoblasts
  • osteoclasts
84
Q

what are osteoblasts?

A
  • non-hematopoietic stem cells
  • specialized cells
  • synthesize new bone (bone-forming cells)
85
Q

osteoblasts morphology

A
  • oval, elongated cells
  • 30 micro m in length
  • nucleus round/ oval, small, eccentrically located
  • sometimes nucleus seems to be partially extruded from the cell, cytoplasm streams out behind nucleus
  • chromatin coarsely reticular
  • 1 or more nucleoli
  • basophilic cytoplasm, abundant, not smooth, grainy appearance
  • granules not seen
  • cytoplasmic border appears indistict
  • has a rounded lighter staining area at some distance from the nucleus (golgi apparatus)
86
Q

osteoblasts are confused with which type of cells?

A
  • plasma cells
  • tumor cells
87
Q

how are osteoblasts similar to plasma cells? how do they differ?

A

similarities
* have eccentric nuclei
* basophilic cytoplasm

differences
* osteoblasts are larger, more elongated
* pale-staining area in osteoblasts is separated from the nucleus
* in plasma cells, ligher area is perinuclear

88
Q

why are osteoblasts mistaken with tumor cells?

A

osteoblasts ofen appears in clusters and aggregates

89
Q

when are osteoblasts seen on marrow films?

A
  • in infants and children marrow (growing)
  • adult marrow when active bone formation or repair is occurring (rare)
90
Q

what are osteoclasts?

A
  • nonhematopoetic stem cells
  • large multinucleated cells
  • involved in bone demineralization and resorption (destruction)
91
Q

osteoclast morphology

A
  • impressive size (100 micro m or >)
  • about the size of a large megakaryocyte
  • irregularly shaped (indistinct cytoplasmic border)
  • variable nb of discrete nuclei, not connected to one another/ scattered
  • nuclei round/oval
  • fine reticular chromatin pattern
  • 1 nucleolus seen in each nucleus
  • cytoplasm ranges from cloudy light blue to light pink
  • filled with azurophilic granules (irregular size, distribution)
92
Q

osteoclasts may be misidentified with:

A

megakaryocytes

93
Q

how do we distinguish osteoclasts from megakrayocytes?

briefly

A

examination of the nuclear structure

94
Q

how do osteoclasts differ from megakaryocytes?

A
  • in osteoclasts, each nucleus is separate, not attached
  • megakaryocyte nuclei are multilobulated, superimposed
  • cytoplasmic granulation in megakaryocytes is much more uniform
95
Q

osteoclasts are common in all age groups

(T/F)

A

false,
osteoclasts common in marrow of infants & children but rarely seen in adult marrow

96
Q

when are osteoclasts increased in adults?

A
  • bone remodeling or destruction is taking place
    => osteolytic bone disease
97
Q

with what conditions are osteoclasts associated with?

A
  • osteolytic bone disease
  • metastatic tumors

hematology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions