lecture 8

Question 1

bacteria disease example

Answer 1

salmonella
streptococci (tonsillitis)

Question 2

viruses disease example

Answer 2

HIV
flu

Question 3

cellular site of pathogen effects type of

Answer 3

immune response

Question 4

vesicular (in vesicles) organism causing disease example

Answer 4

mycobacterium

Question 5

innate defense mechanisms includes

Answer 5

physical barriers (e.g skin), complement system, phagocytes, NK cells and antimicrobial peptides

Question 6

adaptive defense mechanisms

Answer 6

antibodies, cell mediated immunity

Question 7

Th1 act against what type of pathogens

Answer 7

intracellular

Question 8

what cells do Th1 cells activates

Answer 8

macrophages and cytotoxic t cells

Question 9

Th2 act agsinst what type of pathogens

Answer 9

extracellular pathogens

Question 10

what cells do Th2 cells activate

Answer 10

eosinophils, basophils and mast cells
support antibody production (particularly class switching to IgE)

Question 11

what are the most prominent phagocyte

Answer 11

neutrophils

Question 12

Th17 act against what

Answer 12

extracellular bacteria and fungi

Question 13

does gram positive or negative bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan cell wall

Answer 13

gram positive

Question 14

gram negative bacteria have an outer membrane containing what

Answer 14

lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

Question 15

toll-like receptors (TLR) on macrophage recognise what

Answer 15

distinct molecular patterns on pathogens that we dont have

Question 16

NOD-like receptors (nucleotide binding oligomerization domain) are

Answer 16

intracellular sensors in cytoplasm

Question 17

binding of PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns) to TLR can

Answer 17

promote inflammation
promote dendritic cell maturation
influence differentiation of T cells
activate B cells by the TI-1 antigens

Question 18

some bacteria have protective capsules
this doesnt allow what to occur

Answer 18

phagocytosis

Question 19

role of antibodies in bacterial infection

Answer 19

neutralisation, opsonisation and complement activation

Question 20

how do some bacteria survive in phagocytes

Answer 20

stop the fusion of the phagosome and the lysosome

Question 21

what cytokines activate macrophages

Answer 21

TNFalpha and IFNgamma (from Th1)

Question 22

tuberculoid leprosy

Answer 22

strong Th1 response

Question 23

lepromatous leprosy

Answer 23

strong Th2 response and antibody responce
not effective as the mycobacterium leprae is intracellular