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322 > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is to observe

A
  1. Look with attention
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2
Q

Why observe?

A

May bring some benefits for curiosity

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3
Q

What does a question formulate

A

Problem that you want to investigate

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4
Q

What kind of questions can you ask

A

Broad
Based on existing knowledge and theory

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5
Q

What can influence the choice of a particular question

A

Previous knowledge
Interests and observations made in the course of other research
Priorities of the group I’m which you work

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6
Q

Types of observations

A

Direct observations
Invasive, non invasive

Indirect
Non invasive

Preliminary

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7
Q

What can you observe with

A

Own sensorial resources : sound smell vision
Or
Using equipment

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8
Q

Direct observations

A

Observed in real time at the moment in which the behaviour occurs,
Can be made with a present observer , visual, additive

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9
Q

Invasive observation

Disadvantages, how to mirage that

A

Animals know that observer is there
Disadvantages, observer can change the behavioural expression of animal

Work can be done to reduce the impact through habituation or camouflage. Hard cause they can still smell you

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10
Q

Noninvasive

A

Animal can’t see you so doesn’t change their behaviour
Use equipment like camera, microphones, gps collar, radio telemetry, sensors
Sound of equipment can still influence the behaviour like bats and sound waves

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11
Q

Indirect observations

A

Non invasive

Based on consequences of the behaviour. Like foot prints, poop

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12
Q

Example
How much does the cattle eat
How does the cattle eat

A

Indirect observation, known quantity then leftovers
Direct observation

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13
Q

Preliminary observations

A

Make them before starting research to understand both the subject and behaviour you intend to measure

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14
Q

Why are preliminary observations important

A

Provided raw material for formulating questions and hypothesis

Necessary to choose the right measures and recording methods

Promotes habituation of animals to the presence of the observer

Allows the observer to train so that their data is reliable

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15
Q

Hat do you do during preliminary observations

A

Search
Study
Understand
Generate/ refine questions
Search again

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16
Q

Hypothesis formulation

A

Aims to find best explanations for the questions
Larger the number of plausible competing hypotheses that are formulated the better

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17
Q

Example hypothesis to question
Why is the hen without feathers on its back
Example answers

A

The feathers are falling off
Hen is picking at its own feathers
Other hens are picking at her feathers

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18
Q

Predictions formulation

A

More specific the easier it is to distinguish between competing hypotheses

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19
Q

Example of predictions

A

The hens don’t have enough space
The hens aren’t getting environmental enrichment

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20
Q

What is an objective

A

Express the intention or aspiration of the study
Summarizes in a single sentence what you hope to achieve by the end of the research project

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21
Q

Objective kinds

A

General and specific
Example
General is evaluate different causes of feather peaking

Specific
Evaluate the effect of space allowance on the expression of feather picking in hens
Evaluate the effect of environmental enrichment on the expression of feather picking in hens

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22
Q

How to describe behaviour

A

Structure - appearance physical form or temporal pattern of behaviour
or
consequence - the fetching of the subjects behaviour in the environment in other individuals or on itself

Spatial relation. Where or with whom the behaviour is

23
Q

What sorts of categories to choose

A

Enough to describe the behavior in enough detail to answer q
Summarize as much info as possible
Independent of one another

24
Q

Ethogram

A

Catalogue of descriptions of discrete species typical behaviour patterns that form the basic behavioural repertoire of the species

25
Q

What to make sure when defining categories

A

Clear
Comprehensive
Unambiguous

26
Q

Types of definitions

A

Operational
Ostensive

27
Q

When are Operational used

A

Measuring consequences of behaviour

28
Q

Ostensive

A

Should be sufficiently precise and detailed to enable another observer to record the same things in the same way

29
Q

Types of categories

A

States: behaviour patterns measured by time. Sleep eat walk
, events behaviour patterns iof short duration which can be measures as points in time . Salient feature of events is their frequency. Small, winking
localization where animal is. Ear c,and, near drinker
posture lying, standing etc

30
Q

What are the variables

A

Measures of the categories

31
Q

How can you describe behaviour

A

Nominal or numerical

32
Q

Nominal or categorical scale

A

Assigning name to measure. Qualitative and active

33
Q

Ordinal or ranking scale

A

Arranged along a scale according to a common property. Number assigned to each measurement is a rank

34
Q

Interval scale

A

Scores can be placed on a scale so the distance between two measurements is meaningful
0 point is made up

35
Q

Ratio scale

A

Highest level of measurement is attained when scale has All properties of an interval scale but has a true zero point
Independent of unit of measurement
True frequencies , durations and latencies are measured like this

36
Q

Different variable s

A

Frequency, duration, latency, intensity, velocity

37
Q

Frequency

A

How many times a behaviour occurs per unit of time

38
Q

Duration

A

Length of time for which a single occurrence of the behaviour pattern lasts

Example how long did the baby pig remains in the maze

Time budget, provide info about how animals spend their time, generally presented as the proportion of time that the animal spends in diff activities

39
Q

Latency

A

Time from some specified event to the onset of the first occurrence of the behaviour

Example how long till the baby touches the mama cow

40
Q

Intensity

A

No universal def
Create arbitrary parameters as indices of intensity

41
Q

Velocity

A

No universal def

Example leaving chute flight speed

42
Q

Sampling rules

A

Defines subject of study
Can focus on individuals or groups

43
Q

Types of sampling rules

A

Ad Libitum
Focal
Scan
Behaviour sampling

44
Q

Ad libitum

A

Observer notes down what is visible and seems relevant at the time
Recording rare and important events and can be important for preliminary
No systemic constraints are placed on what is recorded or when
Recording is continuous

45
Q

Focal

A

Observing one individual or litter for a specific amount of time
Most satisfactory approach when studying groups
Can be difficult in field studies as individual may leave or disappear

46
Q

Scan

A

Whole group of subjects scanned at intervals and all behaviour at that instant is recorded
Usually restricts the observer to recording only one or a few simple categories of behaviour
Animals don’t need to be identified
Recording g rule must be instantaneous

47
Q

Behaviour sampling

A

Watching whole group and recording occurs me of a particular type of behaviour
Used for recording rare but significant behaviour
Often used in conjunction with focal or scan
Use continuous recording rule

48
Q

Recording rules

A

Continuous

Time sampling

49
Q

Continuous

A

Aims to provide and exact and faithful record of behaviour
Each occurrence of the behaviour pattern is observed
Can be labour and time intensive
Measuring true freq and duration and the times ar which behaviours start and stopped

50
Q

Time sampling / interval of time
And the division a

A

Sampling behaviour periodically. End of each sample interval is known as a sample point .

Instantaneous sampling

One zero sampling

51
Q

Instantaneous

A

Divide into short intervals
Instant of whether or not a given behaviour pattern is occuring

52
Q

One zero

A

Again divided up into short sample intervals
On the instant if each sample point you record whether or not the behaviour pattern has occurred during the preceding sample interval
Doesn’t take into account how often or for how long the behaviour pattern happens

53
Q

Pros and cons of time sampling

A

Doesn’t give accurate estimates of frequency or duration unless the sample interval is short relative to the average duration of the behaviour pattern

Not generally suitable for recording sequences of behaviour unless the sample interval is very short

54
Q

The methods should be what

A

Feasible
Relatable and valid

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