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322 > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

How an animal copes with the environment.balance maintenance of the organisms internal enviounment& occurs through a series functional control systems

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2
Q

Where does the sensoryperception occur through?

A

Sensory nervous system

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3
Q

What senses transduce from the real world to the mind to interpret info creating our perception of the world?

A

Touch, smell, hearing, taste, vision

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4
Q

What activates the CNS?

A

Change in the homeostasis

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5
Q

Tree of CNS

A

CNS
Autonomic NS response
Sympathetic OR parasympathetic NS

CNS
neuroendocrine system

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6
Q

Stress

A

Bio response when an individual perceives a threat to its homeostasis

Threat = the stressor

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7
Q

2 stressor stimulus

A

Acute and chronic

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8
Q

Acute stress

A

Brief exposure to a single stressor

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9
Q

Chronic stress

A

Long term exposure to a stressor = continuous stress

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10
Q

Distress

A

Term to differentiate between non threatening stress response and bio state where stress has bad effect on welfare

Aversive negative state where organisms can’t return to homeostasis

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11
Q

1st response to stress?
Example?

A

Behaviour. Avoid stressor by removing itself from the threat

Ex: cows seek shaded when hot

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12
Q

Is behaviour response appropriate for all stressors?

A

No. The behaviour options can be limited by confinement.

Behaviour in this situation can provide potential clues to distress.

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13
Q

Second line of defence to cope with stress

A

Autonomic Nervous System. Enter in action the SAM. Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary System

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14
Q

Response from autonomic nervous system. What is the duration?

A

Fight or flight response
Short duration

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15
Q

Fight or flight response order

A

Sympathetic autonomic nervous system -> activated adrenal medulla -> catecholamine secretion ( adrenaline and noradrenaline )

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16
Q

What does release of catecholamines do

A

Increase heart rate and BP, release glucose to blood, dilate bronchioles, change blood flow patterns

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17
Q

Potential Negative effects of fight or flight response

A

Can lead to animal death by over Stimulation by adrenaline, excessive rxn of the parasympathetic to the action of the sympathetic (cardiac arrest)

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18
Q

3rd Response to stress

A

Neuroendocrine system. Enter in action the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal HPA axis

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19
Q

Time Effect of the HPA access on the body

A

Broad long lasting effect. Affects immune competence reproduction metabolism and behaviour. 

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20
Q

Parts of the adrenal glands

A

Cortex and medulla

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21
Q

What does the adrenal medulla produce? What response / system

A

Epinephrin and norepinephrine. Fight or flight response. 

22
Q

What does the adrenal cortex produce? What response/system?

A

Glucocorticoids example of cortisol. Neuroendocrine system (HPA Action)

23
Q

Biological cost x stress

A

Prolonged periods of stress / severe stress is biologically costly. Burden to body

24
Q

4th response to stress

A

Immune system

25
Q

Main cause of disease in stress animals

A

Immune system suppression

26
Q

Stress responses

A

Biological: behavioural, autonomic, neuroendocrine, immunological

27
Q

Consequences of prolonged stress

A

Altered biological function, pre pathological state, development of a pathology

28
Q

Pattern of response the body goes through after being prompted by a stressor

A

General Adaptation System GAS

29
Q

GAS General Adaptation Syndrome

A
  1. Alarm stage
  2. Resistance stage
    3. Exhaustion Stage
30
Q

Alarm Reaction Stage

A

Initial symptoms when body is under stress. Fight or flight response.

31
Q

Resistance stage

A

Releases a lower amount of cortisol heart rate and blood pressure start to normalize. Remains on high alert tho
Body continues to repair itself

32
Q

Exhaustion Stage

A

Result of prolonged or chronic stress.
Drains physical emotional and mental resources to the point where the body no longer has strength to fight the stress

33
Q

Resistance phases feedback mechanism

A

CNS -> hypothalamus (CRH) -> pituitary (ACTH) -> adrenal gland cortex -> glucocorticoid and mineral corticoids -> stress response.

Corticoids neg feed back to pituitary and hypothalamus

34
Q

Exhaustion stage mechanism

A

Stressor (chronic ) ->CNS -> hypothalamus (CRH) -> pituitary (ACTH) -> adrenal gland cortex -> glucocorticoid and mineral corticoids -> adaptation mechanism failure -> physical and behavioural exhaustion.

No neg feed back

35
Q

Difficulties using physiological indicators if welfare

A

-Stress response is non specific
-Different stressors elicit diff types of biological responses
- response variability. Animals cope differently to the same stressor
- response depends on various factors

36
Q

What various factors does response depend on

A

Previous experience, genetics, age, social relationship, human animal interactions, physiological status

37
Q

Physiological indicators of welfare

Body wise measurement

A

Heart rate
Respiratory frequency
Body temp
Blood count , differential leukocyte count
Glucocorticoid concentrations

38
Q

Heart rate

A

Indicator of short term welfare problems.
Change according to activity and fast adapting and brief

39
Q

Respiratory frequency

A

Acute stress
Related to heart rate
Easy to observe

40
Q

Body temp

A

Indicator of disease, fever response
Can identify alterations cause by environmental temp.

41
Q

Different ways of taking body temp

A

Rectal temp, internal temp with an iButton, superficial temp with infrared thermography

42
Q

Order of less to most variable in temperature taking

A

Least variable
1. Internal body temp
2. Rental temp
3. Superficial body temp
Most variable

43
Q

Blood count, leukocyte count

Glucocorticoid action

A

Blood count and leukocyte count alters under stress

Glucocorticoids increase number and percentage of neutrophils while decreasing lymphocytes

44
Q

Methods to measure glucocorticoid concentrations

A

Blood, saliva, feces, urine, hair

45
Q

Advantages of measuring glucocorticoid concentrations

A

Current good standard
Large body of lit
Easy to collect

46
Q

Disadvantages of measuring glucocorticoid concentrations

A

Collection methods elicit stress
Stability
Varies diurnally
Individual variations.

47
Q

What can influence glucocorticoids

A

Stress during data collection
Circadian rhythms

48
Q

Other less popular indicators for animal welfare

A

Acute phase proteins haptoglobin c reactive protein ( disease response(
Blood lactate and creative kinase levels (physical effort)
Oxytocin levels (pleasurable situations)

49
Q

Disadvantages of measuring other physiological parameters

A

Non specific
Potential human area
No optima, measurements for all species
Individual variation

50
Q

HPA axis tree

A

Hypothalamus. - - > coriticotropin releasing hormone -> pituitary- - - > adrenocorticotropic hormone -> adrenal cortex -> cortisol

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