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322 > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Instrumental value ? example

A

Something is good because it provides the means for acquiring something else of value. Money

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2
Q

Intrinsic value? Example

A

The inherent worth of something, independent of it’s valued to anyone or anything else. Happiness

Moral value

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3
Q

5 ethical positions on the moral status of animals. Who spear headed them?

A
  1. Human centric. Aquila’s, Descartes
  2. Animals utilitarianism. Peter singer
  3. Animal rights. Tom regan
  4. Communitarian. Bernard rollin
    Ethics of care. Mary midgley
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4
Q

Aquinas view

A

It’s wrong to be cruel to animals bc of human welfare. Animals are intended for man’s use in the natural order

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5
Q

Descartes

A

Animals do not use language and therefore are incapable of thought

The reason animals don’t speak isn’t bc they don’t have the organs but bc they have no thoughts

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6
Q

Human centric

A

Animals are but here for our use and to serve us

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7
Q

Division in ethical theory

A

Consequentialism. Utilitarian

Non consequentialism. Rights based

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8
Q

What is consequentialism

A

View that morality of actions of institutions is a function of their consequence.
If consequences are good, action or institution is good

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9
Q

Jeremy Bentham

A

Utilitarian. The morally relevant question about animals is not can they reason or can they talk but can they suffer

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10
Q

What is utilitarianism

A

All that matters is if the animal can experience happiness and unhappiness pleasure and Pain

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11
Q

Singers 4 philosophical commitments

A
  1. Concept of equality
  2. Principle of equal consideration of interests.
  3. Speciesism
    4. Sentience is necessary and sufficient for having interest
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12
Q

Equality

A

Humans are equal not in capabilities but they deserve equal consideration of interest

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13
Q

Equal consideration of interests

A

Interests of every individual affected by an action counts as much as the other. Everyone preferences are counted as equal

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14
Q

Speciesism

A

Prejudice or attitude bias towards the interests of one’s own species. Major issue for signer. Argument from marginal cases

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15
Q

Marginal case argument

A

If being rational is what permits us to deny direct moral status to animals then we can likewise deny that status to any human that is not rational.
Ex disabled , infants

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16
Q

Sentience

A

Consciousness of pain. It’s Necessary and sufficient for having interests.

If they can feel pain and have emotional distress they should count morally

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17
Q

In singers mind what common practices are speciesist

A

Agriculture industries, science research and testing, recreation and entertainment, wildlife hunting

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18
Q

Singers conclusion

A

In an experiment if suffering is greater than the benefit it shouldn’t happen and it’s morally wrong

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19
Q

Strengths of utilitarianism

A

Impartial as everyone is equal, intuitively plausible happiness is good pain is bad, action guiding risk benefit analysis, make the world better do good minimize harm

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20
Q

Defence against marginal case

A

Humans are above animals bc being human is a morally relevant property

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21
Q

Criticisms for utilitarianism

A
  1. Is happiness and preferences the only thing that matters?
  2. Are consequences all that matter?
  3. Backward looking reasons
  4. Too demanding
  5. Personal relationships
  6. Pleasure associated with hideous actions
22
Q

Are consequences all that matter? Fundamental point

A

In order. To determine whether an action is right or wrong we must look at what will happen as a result of doing it. Doing something thst is morally wrong so the consequences is not all that matters example killing a horrible person to get their money.

23
Q

What is utilitarian at odds with

A

The idea that people have rights that may not be tramples on merely bc one anticipates good results

24
Q

Backwards facing reasons

A

Promise imposes an obligation that can’t be overcome by small changes in utility excludes consequences and focuses only on future

25
Q

Too demanding means what

A

Hard to live life constantly doing moral calc

26
Q

Deontogical principles

A

Duty. Certain actions we must do despite the consequences, hardships or our disinclination to do it.

27
Q

Kant

A

Rights based approach. Respect for people. Can’t treat people as a means to an end as it’s morally wrong

28
Q

Kane and animals

A

People have special value, desires, goals and have intrinsic values as they are rational agents capable of making their own decisions.

29
Q

Kant and suffering

A

Suffering is not the fundamental wrong, it’s a consequence of the fundamental wrong. It’s a result not a cause

30
Q

Tom regan

A

Objections to utilitarianism
Subjects of a life argument

31
Q

What does it mean by holder of rights

A

Holder of rights have interests. Doesn’t need to be able to express those rights. Regan

32
Q

Why do humans have moral rights

A

Human is the subject of a life criteria

33
Q

What is subject of a life

A

Any individual who has beliefs, desires, memory, sense of future … individual welfare important of oneself independent of anyone else’s interests
Regan

34
Q

Regan on human and animal rights

A

Both are subjects of life and should have moral rights

35
Q

Diff from regan to singer

A

Not based on sentience but based on having desires

Recognition of individual rights

36
Q

Regans conclusions

Abolishment’s

A

Subjects of life should not be used simply as a means to others ends

Eliminate meat eating as an institution
Abolish animal use in research
Abolish recreational hunting
Abolish pet ownership

37
Q

Communitarian people

A

Aristo,the, Theophrastus, rollin

38
Q

Aristotle

A

Reject animals in moral community

39
Q

Theophrastus

A

Animals enjoy kinship with us

40
Q

Rolling

A

Intuition that we favour those made close to us by blinds of blood friendship or love

41
Q

Books by Bernie rollin

A

Animal rights and human morality
The unheeded cry
The Frankenstein syndrome
Farm animal welfare
Veterinary medical ethics

42
Q

Main characteristics of rollins view

A

Production circumstances have frustrated personal ethic of farmers/ traditional husbands ethic

New social ethic about animals have emerged as a supplement to tradition concerns about cruelty pain and suffering

There are certain social expectations about what constitutes human treatment of animals

43
Q

Telos thoughts

A

Nature, function, set of activities intrinsic to an individual of. A particular species evolutionarily determine and genetically imprinted

44
Q

Telos on how to promote animal welfare

The moral imperative

A

Raise them in ways that respect their nature

We should treat animals in ways that allow them to flourish according to their natures

45
Q

Either of car approach

A

Mary midgley
Moderate approache
Strand of feminist philosophy
Focuses on relationships at the personal level

46
Q

Midgley

A

Either if care approach
Opposes argument for moral consistency ( not opposed to speciesism)
Preference for members of a particular race is learnt and preference for members of own race is as natural as preference for members of own family

47
Q

Mary midgley belived that animal agriculture should be based on ….

A

Reciprocal convention. If we use animals or own them, then we have a role defined responsibility to care for their needs

48
Q

Ensure that husbandry activity conditions meet the following

A

Enhance biological functioning
Ensure they feel well
Promote species specific behaviour

49
Q

Encourage human responsibility

A

Level of food animal owners
Level of consumers?

50
Q

Practical implications of ethics of care approach

A

Encourage more studies on how relationships can improve animal and human well being and production

Emphasize empathy and caring attitudes when selecting farm staff

Ensure that farmers gave and can afford enough staff to provide the level of care they see as right

51
Q

Ethics of care approach reflects

A

General agreement that people have a responsibility to look after the animals with which we form certain types of community

Common emphasis on responsibilities rather than rights for animals

Concern for species with which we form the greatest community with

52
Q

Concerns about the e5ics of care approach

A

Does not go far beyond traditional relationships with animals

What about animals with which we are not in a community with? Like wild animals

The notion of community is fluid and precarious

What about animals that are regarded as pests? Do they not deserve some protection especially if they can also suffer or have inherent value ?

322 (4 decks)

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