Lecture 76 Flashcards
What is the function of DNMTs?
They increase and methylate CpG islands in tumor supressor genes. DNMT3B is overexpressed early in many cancers. In later stages, DNMTs decrease and repetitive elements and oncogenes become demethylated.
What methylation changes are associated with prostate cancer? How do they differ in patients with BPH?
80-90% of patients with prostate cancer have hypermethylation of the glutathione S-transferase gene (GSTP1).
-It is NOT hypermethylated in benign hyperplastic prostate tissue (BPH)
What is the definition of cell signaling?
Cell signaling refers to the biochemical mechanisms by which cells receive information from another cell or from the environment and utilize this information to cause a change in cell function.
What is signal transduction?
Signal transduction is the conversion of information from one physical or chemical form to another.
Adrenaline (Epinephrine)
Adrenal Gland
Derivative of Tyrosine
Increases BP, heart rate, metabolism
GPCR
Corisol (Corticosterone)
Adrenal Gland
Steroid
Affects metabolism of proteins, CHO, & lipids, inflammation
Intracellular receptor (TF)
Estradiol
Ovary Steroid Induces and maintains female secondary sex characteristics Intracellular receptor (TF)
Glucagon
a cells of pancreas
Protein
Maintains glucose levels
GPCR
Growth Hormone
Pituitary
Protein
Growth, muscle mass
Tyrosine Kinase-associated receptor
Insulin
B cells of pancreas
Protein
Maintains blood glucose levels
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK)
Testosterone
Testis
Steroid
Induces and maintains male secondary sex characteristics
Intracellular receptor (TF)
Thyroid hormrone (T3, thyroxine)
Thyroid Gland
Derivitive of tyrosine
Stimulates metabolism
Intracellular receptor (TF)
Vitamin D
Kidney
Steroid
Bone metabolism
Intracellular Receptor (TF)
Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
Various Cells
Protein
Stimulates epidermal and other cell types to divid
RTK
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
Various cells, including platelets
Protein
Stimulates many cells to proliferate
RTK
