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AGRI 32 | LECTURE | EXAM 2 > Lecture 7: Water Management > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Water Management Flashcards

1
Q

WATER MANAGEMENT

A
  1. time application of needed water
  2. removal of excess water
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2
Q

EFFECTS OF LACK OF WATER

A
  1. poor crop stand
  2. stunted growth
  3. yield reduction
  4. pest/diseases
  5. nutrient deficiency
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3
Q

TOMATO BLOSSOM END ROT

A
  1. calcium deficiency (lack of water)
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4
Q

EFFECTS OF EXCESS WATER

A
  1. nutrients leaching from soil
  2. high acidity of soil
  3. water-logged condition
  4. lack of oxygen causing root death
  5. root-rotting pathogens
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5
Q

EXAMPLES OF ROOT-ROTTING PATHOGENS

A
  1. Phytophthroa
  2. Pythium
  3. Rhizoctonia
  4. Fusarium
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6
Q

EFFECTS OF FLUCTUATION IN WATER SUPPLY

A
  1. fruit cracking (tomato, mango, banana, carrots)
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7
Q

PURPOSE OF IRRIGATION

A
  1. timing and frequency of irrigation
  2. adequate supply of water
  3. efficient method
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8
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING IRRIGATION PROGRAMS

A
  1. soil factors
  2. climate factors
  3. plant factors
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9
Q

IRRIGATION: SOIL FACTORS

A
  1. soil texture, structure, depth
  2. affects WHC, water percolation
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10
Q

IRRIGATION: CLIMATIC FACTORS

A
  1. temperature, length and intensity of sunlight, relative humidity, wind movement
  2. affects rate of water loss (evaporation and transpiration)
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11
Q

IRRIGATION: PLANT FACTORS

A
  1. rooting characteristics, drought tolerance, growth stages
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12
Q

DROUGHT RESISTANCE

A
  1. dictated by genetics
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13
Q

DROUGHT TOLERANT CROPS

A
  1. siniguelas
  2. cashew
  3. mango
  4. tamarind
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14
Q

DROUGHT-SUSCEPTIBLE CROPS

A
  1. banana
  2. lanzones
  3. durian
  4. papaya
  5. cacao
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15
Q

STAGES AFFECTED BY WATER STRESS

A
  1. early vegetative growth
  2. flowering
  3. fruit setting
  4. fruit development
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16
Q

FLOWER INDUCTION

A
  1. triggered by application of irrigation after brief drought
  2. durian, rambutan, citrus, lanzones, coffee
17
Q

METHODS TO DETERMINE IRRIGATION SCHEDULES

A
  1. available soil moisture
  2. evapotranspiration rate
  3. visual symptoms of plants
  4. feel of soil
  5. soil-cum-sand mini plot technique
18
Q

IRRIGATION SCHEDULE DETERMINATION: SOIL MOISTURE

A
  1. gravimetry: oven drying and computing for soil moisture content
  2. tensiometer: measure water potential; inversely proportional to amount of available water
19
Q

THRESHOLD LEVEL IN ESTIMATING AVAILABLE SOIL MOISTURE

A
  1. 50% of available water
20
Q

IRRIGATION SCHEDULE DETERMINATION: EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

A
  1. use of evaporative pan
  2. applied over short time intervals
21
Q

IRRIGATION SCHEDULE DETERMINATION: VISUAL SYMPTOM

A
  1. temporary wilting
  2. color of foliage
22
Q

IRRIGATION SCHEDULE DETERMINATION: SOIL FEEL

A
  1. sandy: dry; doesn’t form ball
  2. loam: crumbly; particles hold together
  3. clay: pliable; forms ball; doesn’t form ribbon
23
Q

IRRIGATION SCHEDULE DETERMINATION: SOIL-CUM-SAND TECHNIQUE

A
  1. choose 2-3 hills from representative section
  2. dig pits of 1 cubic meter
  3. add 5% sand to soil and return mixture to pit
  4. plant seedlings
  5. limiting soil moisture: wilting of seedlings 2-3 days ahead
24
Q

METHODS OF IRRIGATION

A
  1. surface irrigation system
  2. sprinkler irrigation
  3. drip system
  4. sub-surface irrigation system
25
SURFACE IRRIGATION SYSTEM
1. furrow method 2. flooding method 3. basin method
26
SURFACE IRRIGATION: FURROW METHOD
1. row crops (corn, peanut, banana) 2. uniform gentle slopes (0.25-2.5%) 3. windy areas 4. abundant water
27
SURFACE IRRIGATION: FLOODING METHOD
1. lowland rice 2. closely planted upland crops 3. flat areas 4. windy areas 5. abundant water
28
DISADVANTAGE OF FURROW AND FLOODING METHOD
1. inefficient 2. weed growth 3. limited application
29
SURFACE IRRIGATION: BASIN METHOD
1. crops planted far apart (tree) 2. more efficient 3. flat to steep slope areas
30
SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
1. highly pressurized water 2. use of network of pipes 3. fine droplets of water
31
ADVANTAGE OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
1. sandy soil 2. flat to steep slope areas 3. more efficient 4. temperate reduction
32
DISADVANTAGE OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
1. high initial investment 2. high operating cost 3. water distribution affected by wind 4. diseases and wind growth 5. high evaporation losses
33
DRIP SYSTEM
1. use of network of pipes 2. drips as water output 3. water applied directly to root zone 4. continuous supply of small amount of water
34
ADVANTAGE OF DRIP SYSTEM
1. wide application 2. highly efficient 3. combines irrigation and fertilization
35
DISADVANTAGES OF DRIP SYSTEM
1. high initial investment 2. clogging of nozzles
36
SUB-SURFACE IRRIGATION SYSTEM
1. applied below soil surface 2. reacher plant root system by capillary movement 3. potted indoor plants; greenhouse plants
37
SOURCES OF IRRIGATION
1. river, stream, lake (dam; pumping) 2. farm reservoir 3. water impounding system 4. ground water (open well; tube well)

AGRI 32 | LECTURE | EXAM 2 (8 decks)

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