lecture 7? ward airway injury

Question 1

what is the response to injury with CLAD/BOS?

Answer 1

• rejection caused by infection and aspiration
• increases production of neutrophils
• causes epithelial damage
• leads to airway remodelling
• causes fibrosis
• fixed airway obstruction

Question 2

what is an example of a neutrophilic lung disease?

Answer 2

• cystic fibrosis
  (more neutrophils poured into lungs and airways when infection present)

Question 3

what happens if too much mucus in airways?

Answer 3

• restriction of airflow
• bacteria can move but paralyses the neutrophils
• cant respond to infection

Question 4

what is bronchiectasis?

Answer 4

• bronchi are enlarged
• occurs as result of chronic infection
• causes dysregulation of trache-bronchial tree
• areas of lung supplied with no air

Question 5

what are the similarities with BOS and bronchiectasis?

Answer 5

• both associated with chronic infection
• bronchiectasis occurs before BOS

Question 6

what occurs to progress from bronchiectasis to BOS?

Answer 6

• epithelial cells release cytokines/chemokines
• attracts neutrophils into the airways
• levels of Il-8 way higher in patients suffering BOS and bronchiectasis

Question 7

what should the airway lavages be filled with?

Answer 7

• alveolar macrophages

Question 8

what is collagen?

Answer 8

• abundant protein found in skin

Question 9

what is collagen produced from?

Answer 9

• fibroblasts

Question 10

how does splitting in the basement membrane differ with smokers?

Answer 10

• exaggerated split
• more fragmentation of the membrane

Question 11

what is hepatocyte growth factor?

Answer 11

• a paracrine cellular growth, motility and morphogenic factor
• mitogen and morphogen
• causes cellular proliferation
• causes cellular shape changes

Question 12

what is a mitogen?

Answer 12

• small bioactive protein that induces cell to begin cell division
• can enhance the rate of division

Question 13

what is a morphogen?

Answer 13

• signalling molecules
• diffuse and act over long distances to induce a cellular response
• control growth and pattern throughout a tissue region

Question 14

what is MMP-9?

Answer 14

• marker of EMT

Question 15

what does higher levels of MMP-9 mean?

Answer 15

• induce tissue destruction
• associated with diseases like cancer etc.

Question 16

what occurs with presence of HGF?

Answer 16

• more cells invading epithelium
• drives EMT in lung allografts

Question 17

what is EMT a possible source of?

Answer 17

• airway fibrosis (maybe leading to BOS)