Lecture 7-Salivation and Swallowing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A
  • lubrication of food and structures in mouth
  • keep teeth healthy
  • transmit disease eg rabies
  • contains lysozyme to destroy bacteria in food
  • taste molecules
  • first aid in digestion
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2
Q

What are the components of saliva?

A
  • mostly water
  • K+ and HCO3-
  • mucins for lubrication
  • amylase
  • lingual lipase
  • immune proteins
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3
Q

Which gland produced 3-5% of saliva?

A

Sublingual gland

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4
Q

What type of secretions does the sublingual gland produce?

A

Mucous-like secretions

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5
Q

What type of secretions does the submandibular gland produce?

A

Mixed serous and mucous secretions

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6
Q

What type of secretions does the parotid gland produce?

A

Serous saliva, watery solution with enzymes

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7
Q

Which salivary gland is the largest and most lateral?

A

Parotid

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8
Q

Which muscle does the parotid duct pass through?

A

Buccinator

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9
Q

Which nerve innervates the parotid gland?

A

CN IX

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10
Q

True or false: the submandibular gland sits above the mylohoid muscle in the floor of the mouth

A

FALSE - sits below. Sublingual gland sits above

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11
Q

Is the submandibular gland located medially or laterally in the floor of the mouth?

A

Medially (Medial, subMandibular. subLingual is Lateral)

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12
Q

Which nerve innervates the submandibular and sublingual glands?

A

Chorda tympani (branch of CN VII)

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13
Q

Which drugs cause xerostomia?

A

Anti-muscarinics

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14
Q

What is xerostomia?

A

Dry mouth

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15
Q

What are the 3 stages of swallowing?

A

Oral phase
Pharyngeal phase
Oesophageal phase

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16
Q

Describe the oral phase of swallowing

A
  • voluntary

- tongue pushes bolus towards pharynx

17
Q

Describe the pharyngeal phase of swallowing

A
  • involuntary
  • soft palate seals nasopharynx
  • pharyngeal constrictors push bolus down
  • larynx elevates to close epiglottis
  • vocal cords adduct and breathing temporarily ceases
  • UOS opens
18
Q

Describe the oesophageal phase of swallowing

A
  • involuntary
  • UOS closes
  • peristaltic wave carries bolus down
19
Q

If swallowing closes the airway and inhibits breathing, how is breastfeeding possible?

A

The epiglottis projects up into the nasopharynx so the baby can breathe and drink but it means the baby cannot speak. Milk hits the epiglottis and is diverted laterally into the oesophagus

20
Q

Describe the neural control of the gag reflex

A

Mechanoreceptors in the wall of the pharynx detect the bolus -> CN IX is the afferent limb -> medulla -> CN X is the efferent limb -> pharyngeal constrictors

21
Q

True or false: baby’s gag reflex is more anterior than adults

A

TRUE

22
Q

What are the four points along the oesophagus where it can be narrowed due to anatomical relations?

A
  • junction with pharynx
  • arch of aorta crosses
  • left main bronchus crosses
  • where oesophagus passes through diaphragm (oesophageal hiatus)
23
Q

Describe the muscle in the:

1) superior 1/3 of the oesophagus
2) middle 1/3
3) inferior 1/3

A

1) voluntary striated
2) voluntary striated and smooth muscle
3) smooth muscle

24
Q

How is the LOS formed?

A

Thickening of smooth muscle

25
Q

What prevents gastro-oesophageal reflux?

A
  • diaphragm surrounds oesophagus and pinches it to prevent backflow of stomach contents
  • intra-abdominal oesophagus gets compressed when intra-abdominal pressure rises
  • mucosal rosette/folds
  • acute angle of entry of oesophagus into stomach
26
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

Difficulty swallowing

27
Q

How can a stroke cause dysphagia?

A

Part of the brain supplying the face is infarcted and sits close to the part of the brain supplying the pharynx and muscles for swallowing