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Semester 3-GI > Lecture 5 - Anatomy > Flashcards

Lecture 5 - Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four layers of the gut tube?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
External muscle layers
Serosa

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2
Q

Describe the layers of mucosa in the gut tube

A
  • epithelial layer: promote absorption, hormones and mucus
  • lamina propria: lymphoid nodules and macrophages and produces antibodies
  • muscularis mucosae: smooth muscle in different function, keeps contents dynamic to prevent inflammation
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3
Q

Describe the submucosal layer

A

Dense CT, blood vessels, glands

Contains submucosal plexus

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4
Q

Describe the external muscle layers

A

Inner circular muscle
Outer longitudinal muscle
Myenteric plexus in between

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5
Q

Describe the serosal layer

A

Blood, lymph and adipose

Continuous with mesenteries

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6
Q

What is the epithelium in the oesophagus and distal anus?

A

Stratified squamous to resist frictional forces

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7
Q

Which type of epithelium lines the rest of the GI tract?

A

Simple columnar (for secretion and absorption)

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8
Q

What are the types of specialised cells in the GI tract?

A

Enterocyte
Goblet cell
Foveolar cells

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9
Q

Describe enterocytes

A

Simple columnar epithelial cells for absorption
In SI and colon
Microvilli forms brush border

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10
Q

Describe goblet cells

A

Between enterocytes

Mucus protects epithelia from friction, chemical damage and bacterial inflammation

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11
Q

Describe foveolar cells

A

Secrete mucus/HCO3- that forms barrier to stomach acid

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12
Q

What are the permanent folds of the small intestine called?

A

Plicae circulares

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13
Q

What are the temporary folds of the stomach called and what are they needed for?

A

Rugae

Stomach needs to expand easily to prevent reflux into oesophagus

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14
Q

What is the difference between villi and crypts?

A

Villi in SI, not colon

Crypts in both SI and LI

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15
Q

Which cells do the crypts of Lieberkuhn contain?

A

Stem cells
Paneth cells
Enteroendocrine cells

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16
Q

What is the function of the stem cells in the crypts?

A

Constantly divide every 2-4 days to replace epithelia

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17
Q

What is the function of the paneth cells in the crypts?

A

Secrete antibacterial proteins to protect stem cells

18
Q

What is the function of the enteroendocrine cells in the crypts?

A

Secrete hormones that control gut function eg gastrin, CCK, secretin

19
Q

What are the three lateral muscles of the abdominal wall?

A

External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominus

20
Q

In what direction do the fibres of external oblique run?

A

Inferomedially

21
Q

What is the innervation of the external oblique muscles?

A

Ventral branches of lower six thoracoabdominal nerves and subcostal nerve on each side

22
Q

In what direction do the fibres of internal oblique run?

A

Superomedially

23
Q

What is the innervation of internal oblique?

A

Lower intercostal nerves

24
Q

What is the innervation of transversus abdominus?

A

Lower intercostal nerves (T7-T11)

25
Q

In the midline, the aponeuroses of all the flat muscles entwine and form what?

A

Linea alba

26
Q

What are the vertical muscles of the abdominal wall?

A

Rectus abdominus

Pyramidalis

27
Q

What innervates rectus abdominus?

A

Lower intercostal nerves

28
Q

What is the function of rectus abdominus?

A

Stabilises pelvis during walking and depresses ribs

29
Q

What does the lateral border of the two rectus abdominus muscles create?

A

Linea semilunaris

30
Q

What innervates the pyramidalis muscle?

A

Subcostal nerve

31
Q

What does the pyramidalis muscle do?

A

Tenses linea alba

32
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

A

Aponeuroses of lateral muscles surrounding rectus abdominus and pyramidalis

33
Q

What is the deep fascia around the abdomen called?

A

Transversalis fascia

34
Q

What forms the anterior wall of the rectus sheath?

A

Aponeuroses of external oblique and half of internal oblique

35
Q

What forms the posterior wall of the rectus sheath?

A

The other half of internal oblique and transversus abdominus

36
Q

What happens below the arcuate line?

A

Epigastric vessels pierce rectus abdominus

Rectus abdominus touches transversalis fascia

37
Q

What are the two definitions of peritoneal ligament?

A
  • Double fold of peritoneum connecting 2 viscera together

- Double fold of peritoneum connecting viscera to abdominal wall

38
Q

What are the functions of sphincters?

A

Divide gut tube into sections
Control movement of contents
Prevent reflux of contents

39
Q

Name some sphincters in the GI tract

A 
Upper and lower oesophageal sphincters
Pyloric
Sphincter of Oddi
Ileo-coecal 
Anal sphincters
40
Q

Name the branch of the aorta supplying the foregut

A

Coeliac trunk

41
Q

Name the branch of the aorta supplying the midgut

A

Superior mesenteric artery

42
Q

Name the branch of the aorta supplying the hindgut

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

Semester 3-GI (14 decks)

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