Lecture 10-Pancreas and Liver Flashcards

1
Q

What are the properties of chyme once it leaves the stomach?

A
  • low pH
  • hypertonic
  • partially digested
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2
Q

Why is chyme hypertonic as it leaves the stomach?

A

Stomach is impermeable to water so chyme couldn’t be diluted

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3
Q

How does the duodenum make chyme isotonic?

A

Duodenum is permeable to water so the hypertonic chyme draws water in from ECF

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4
Q

How is the low pH of chyme counteracted in the duodenum?

A

Duodenum secretes secretin which acts on the pancreas to release HCO3- which neutralises the acidic chyme

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5
Q

How is the chyme further digested in the duodenum?

A

Duodenum secretes CCK which acts on the pancreas to release enzymes and on the gallbladder to contract and release bile by relaxing the sphincter of Oddi

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6
Q

What stimulates pancreatic secretions?

A

Secretin, CCK and autonomics

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7
Q

What type of cell produces pancreatic enzymes?

A

Acini cells

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8
Q

Which enzymes released by the pancreas are activated and which are inactivated and why?

A
  • amylase and lipase are activated

- proteases are inactivated as they are stored in zymogen granules

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9
Q

Give examples of inactive proteases

A
  • trypsin
  • chymotrypsin
  • elastase
  • carboxypeptidase
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10
Q

How do pancreatic secretions reach the duodenum?

A

Pancreatic duct and ampulla of Vater (=hepatopancreatic duct)

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11
Q

What does the liver secrete into the duodenum in response to chyme?

A

Bile

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12
Q

What is bile made up of?

A

Bile acids and bile pigments and alkaline solution

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13
Q

Blood from the whole gut reaches the liver through which vessel?

A

Portal vein

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14
Q

What are the structural units of the liver hepatocytes?

A

Hexagonal lobules

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15
Q

Describe the triad of structures at each corner of a lobule

A

Portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct

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16
Q

Which vessel is in the centre of the liver lobule

A

Central vein

17
Q

How does blood enter the liver lobule?

A

Through hepatic artery and portal vein into central vein via sinusoids

18
Q

How does bile flow out of the liver lobule?

A

Along canaliculi, bile duct and into duodenum

19
Q

What is the functional area of a lobule called?

A

Acinus

20
Q

What do the zones of the lobule correspond to?

A

Distance from arterial blood supply

21
Q

True or false: bile is produced continuously by the hepatocytes and duct cells

A

TRUE

22
Q

How is bile stored in the gallbladder?

A

Concentrated form by removing water and ions

23
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

To emulsify fats

24
Q

What secretes bile acids and pigments and where?

A

Hepatocytes into canaliculi

25
Q

What secretes alkaline juices of bile and what stimulates this release?

A

Bile duct cells and stimulated by secretin

26
Q

What are bile salts?

A

Bile acids conjugated with AA

27
Q

What are the two primary bile acids?

A

Cholic acid and chenodeoxycolic acid

28
Q

Why are bile acids conjugated?

A
  • bile acids are not always soluble at duodenal pH
  • bile salts are amphipathic
  • bile salts allow emulsification of dietary lipids
29
Q

Describe how bile salts aid the digestion of lipids

A
  • Lipids form large globules when they reach the duodenum, with a small SA
  • bile salts emulsify the fats into smaller units with larger SA
  • salts then create micelles with the products of lipid breakdown and these micelles transport hydrophobic molecules towards enterocytes
  • lipids diffuse into enterocytes while bile salts stay in the gut and are reabsorbed in terminal ileum and returned to liver to be reused
30
Q

What is the role of chylomicrons?

A
  • carry digested fat via lymphatics to blood
  • inside enterocytes, lipid molecules are re-estefied and packed with apoproteins and these chylomicrons then leave the basolateral membrane of the enterocyte
  • as they are too large to enter capillaries, they enter lymphatic capillaries -> thoracic duct
31
Q

What is steatorrhoea?

A

Bile acids/lipases not secreted in adequate amounts so undigested fat is excreted in faeces - pale, floating and foul smelling