Lecture 7 - Reproductive Flashcards
estrogen:
LH stimulates ______ (an enzyme), which stimulates production of _____ in what cells?.
FSH stimulates ____ ( an enzyme), which stimulates production of _____ in what cells?
desmolase, androstenedione, theca cells;
aromatase, estrone/estrogen, granulosa cells
males:
LH stimulates ____ in ____ cells to secrete _____.
FSH acts on ____ cells. this causes an increase in release of ______
cholesterol desmolase, leydig, testosterone;
sertoli, inhibin
menstrual cycle:
order of phases?
_____ then _____ then _____ then _____
follicular phase, ovulation, luteal, menses
menstrual cycle:
the follicular phase is characterized by increasing levels of _____, produced by the _____. this causes the endometrium to _____.
estrogen, developing follicule; grow (proliferative phase)
ovulation:
an increase in _____ causes a ____ surge,
estrogen, LH
luteal phase:
the _____ produces ____ and ____ . this causes the endometrium to ______
corpus luteum, estrogen, progesteron;
increase vascularity and secretions (secretory phase)
when the ____ involutes, ____ and ____ levels fall. this causes _____
corpus luteum;
progesterone, estrogen;
menses
the most common congenital adrenal hyperplasia is a deficiency in _____.
findings = _____ androgens, _____ cortisol, ______ mineralocorticoids
salt ____
21-hydroxylase;
increased, decreased, decreased
wasting
see virilization in females, precocious puberty in males
other congenital adrenal hyperplasias:
in ____ deficiency, there is an increase in mineralocorticoids and a _____ in sex hormones. causes ____ in males
17 alpha hydroxylase;
decrease, ambiguous genitalia
hypertension as well
11-beta hydroxylase deficiency:
blood pressure is _____ due to ____ deoxycortisone
androgens are _____.
increased, increased;
increased –> virilization
sexual differentiation males:
the ____ gene on the Y chromosome produces _____ that leads to testes development. the sertoli cells secrete _____ that suppresses development of the ____ ducts. the leydig cells secrete ____ that stimulate development of the ____ ducts
SRY, testes-determining factor;
Mullerian-inhibiting factor (MIF), paramesonephric;
testosterone, mesonephric (wolffian)
male development:
the mesonephric duct gives rise to the internal structures aka SEED, which stands for ___, ____, ____, ____.
____ is responsible for the development of the external genitalia plus the ____
Seminal vesicles, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, ductus deferens;
DHT, prostate
females:
the paramesonephric duct is responsible for the ____ genitalia.
the ovaries produce ____ which is responsible for the ____ genitalia
internal (and proximal vagina);
estradiol, external (and distal vagina)
Tanner stages:
pubic hair (pubarche) appears in stage ____ in both sexes.
_____ enlargement begins in stage II in males;
the “mound” forms in stage ____ in females
II;
testicular
3 (stage 2 = breast bud forms)
Tanner stages:
penis ___ and ____ increases in stage 3.
size, length
tanner stages:
penis ____ and ____ increases in stage 4.
the breast enlarges, the ____ is raised in stage IV
width, glans;
areola
pubarche = appearance of \_\_\_ thelarche = development of \_\_\_\_\_ adenarche = development of \_\_\_\_\_
pubic hair;
breasts;
axillary hair
the ____ body shape is characterized by a longer lower body segment and and longer arm span than height. this is due to _____
eunuchoid;
hypogonadism (prepubertal)
levels of testosterone in men are highest when?
in the morning (ie 8 am)
46 XX:
ovaries are ____
external genitalia are _____;
due to _____ exposure during gestation
present, virilized/ambiguous;
testosterone
46 XY:
testes are _____;
external genitalia are _____;
usually due to _______
present,
female/ambiguous;
androgen insensitivty syndrome (ie defect in androgen receptor)
klinefelter:
classic chromosomal genotype = ____
due to maternal ______;
clinically evident when?
47 XXY;
meiotic nondisjunction;
after puberty
klinefelter:
___, firm testes, ____ extremities, ____, female hair distribution;
presence of _____ in cells
increased risk of ____ disease, cancers (ie germ cell tumors in mediastinum)
small, long;
gynecomastia;
barr body (inactivated X chrom);
pulmonary
turner syndrome:
chromosomal genotype =
___ stature, ovarian ____ causing ____ ovary;
____ neck or cystic ____
45, XO;
short, dysgenesis, streak;
webbed, hygroma
turner syndrome:
2 heart defects associated with it =
widely spaced ____, _____ kidney
coarctation of aorta, bicuspid aortic valve;
nipples, horseshoe
androgen insensitivity syndrome: genotype = external genitalia are \_\_\_\_ internal genitalia = \_\_\_ levels of testosterone and LH
46 XY;
female
male (ie testes);
high
hypergonadotropic hypogonadism is due a problem with ____; called ____ hypogonadism
hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is due to a problem with ____; called ____ hypogonadism
the gonads, primary
the hypothalmus or pituitary, secondary
primary hypogonadism:
testosterone is ____;
LH is ____;
decreased, increased
secondary hypogonadism:
testosterone is _____,
LH is ____
decreased, decreased
kallman’s syndrome:
defective migration of _____-releasing ____ and failure of ______ to develop = decreased ____ synthesis
GnRH, neurons;
olfactory bulbs;
GnRH
kallman’s:
= form of _____ hypogonadism;
patients have ___osomia, micropenis, ____ levels of GnRH, FSH, and LH; ___ levels of testosterone
hypogonadotropic;
anosomia, low, low
