Lecture 7 - Reproductive

Question 1

estrogen:
LH stimulates ______ (an enzyme), which stimulates production of _____ in what cells?.

FSH stimulates ____ ( an enzyme), which stimulates production of _____ in what cells?

Answer 1

desmolase, androstenedione, theca cells;

aromatase, estrone/estrogen, granulosa cells

Question 2

males:
LH stimulates ____ in ____ cells to secrete _____.

FSH acts on ____ cells. this causes an increase in release of ______

Answer 2

cholesterol desmolase, leydig, testosterone;

sertoli, inhibin

Question 3

menstrual cycle:
order of phases?
_____ then _____ then _____ then _____

Answer 3

follicular phase, ovulation, luteal, menses

Question 4

menstrual cycle:
the follicular phase is characterized by increasing levels of _____, produced by the _____. this causes the endometrium to _____.

Answer 4

estrogen, developing follicule; grow (proliferative phase)

Question 5

ovulation:

an increase in _____ causes a ____ surge,

Answer 5

estrogen, LH

Question 6

luteal phase:

the _____ produces ____ and ____ . this causes the endometrium to ______

Answer 6

corpus luteum, estrogen, progesteron;

increase vascularity and secretions (secretory phase)

Question 7

when the ____ involutes, ____ and ____ levels fall. this causes _____

Answer 7

corpus luteum;
progesterone, estrogen;
menses

Question 8

the most common congenital adrenal hyperplasia is a deficiency in _____.

findings = _____ androgens, _____ cortisol, ______ mineralocorticoids

salt ____

Answer 8

21-hydroxylase;

increased, decreased, decreased

wasting

see virilization in females, precocious puberty in males

Question 9

other congenital adrenal hyperplasias:

in ____ deficiency, there is an increase in mineralocorticoids and a _____ in sex hormones. causes ____ in males

Answer 9

17 alpha hydroxylase;
decrease, ambiguous genitalia

hypertension as well

Question 10

11-beta hydroxylase deficiency:
blood pressure is _____ due to ____ deoxycortisone
androgens are _____.

Answer 10

increased, increased;

increased –> virilization

Question 11

sexual differentiation males:
the ____ gene on the Y chromosome produces _____ that leads to testes development. the sertoli cells secrete _____ that suppresses development of the ____ ducts. the leydig cells secrete ____ that stimulate development of the ____ ducts

Answer 11

SRY, testes-determining factor;
Mullerian-inhibiting factor (MIF), paramesonephric;
testosterone, mesonephric (wolffian)

Question 12

male development:
the mesonephric duct gives rise to the internal structures aka SEED, which stands for ___, ____, ____, ____.

____ is responsible for the development of the external genitalia plus the ____

Answer 12

Seminal vesicles, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, ductus deferens;

DHT, prostate

Question 13

females:
the paramesonephric duct is responsible for the ____ genitalia.

the ovaries produce ____ which is responsible for the ____ genitalia

Answer 13

internal (and proximal vagina);

estradiol, external (and distal vagina)

Question 14

Tanner stages:
pubic hair (pubarche) appears in stage ____ in both sexes.
_____ enlargement begins in stage II in males;
the “mound” forms in stage ____ in females

Answer 14

II;
testicular

3 (stage 2 = breast bud forms)

Question 15

Tanner stages:

penis ___ and ____ increases in stage 3.

Answer 15

size, length

Question 16

tanner stages:
penis ____ and ____ increases in stage 4.
the breast enlarges, the ____ is raised in stage IV

Answer 16

width, glans;

areola

Question 17

pubarche = appearance of \_\_\_
thelarche = development of \_\_\_\_\_
adenarche = development of \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 17

pubic hair;
breasts;
axillary hair

Question 18

the ____ body shape is characterized by a longer lower body segment and and longer arm span than height. this is due to _____

Answer 18

eunuchoid;

hypogonadism (prepubertal)

Question 19

levels of testosterone in men are highest when?

Answer 19

in the morning (ie 8 am)

Question 20

46 XX:
ovaries are ____
external genitalia are _____;
due to _____ exposure during gestation

Answer 20

present, virilized/ambiguous;

testosterone

Question 21

46 XY:
testes are _____;
external genitalia are _____;
usually due to _______

Answer 21

present,
female/ambiguous;
androgen insensitivty syndrome (ie defect in androgen receptor)

Question 22

klinefelter:
classic chromosomal genotype = ____
due to maternal ______;
clinically evident when?

Answer 22

47 XXY;
meiotic nondisjunction;
after puberty

Question 23

klinefelter:
___, firm testes, ____ extremities, ____, female hair distribution;
presence of _____ in cells
increased risk of ____ disease, cancers (ie germ cell tumors in mediastinum)

Answer 23

small, long;
gynecomastia;
barr body (inactivated X chrom);
pulmonary

Question 24

turner syndrome:
chromosomal genotype =
___ stature, ovarian ____ causing ____ ovary;
____ neck or cystic ____

Answer 24

45, XO;
short, dysgenesis, streak;
webbed, hygroma

Question 25

turner syndrome:
2 heart defects associated with it =

widely spaced ____, _____ kidney

Answer 25

coarctation of aorta, bicuspid aortic valve;

nipples, horseshoe

Question 26

androgen insensitivity syndrome:
genotype = 
external genitalia are \_\_\_\_
internal genitalia = 
\_\_\_ levels of testosterone and LH

Answer 26

46 XY;
female
male (ie testes);
high

Question 27

hypergonadotropic hypogonadism is due a problem with ____; called ____ hypogonadism

hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is due to a problem with ____; called ____ hypogonadism

Answer 27

the gonads, primary

the hypothalmus or pituitary, secondary

Question 28

primary hypogonadism:
testosterone is ____;
LH is ____;

Answer 28

decreased, increased

Question 29

secondary hypogonadism:
testosterone is _____,
LH is ____

Answer 29

decreased, decreased

Question 30

kallman’s syndrome:

defective migration of _____-releasing ____ and failure of ______ to develop = decreased ____ synthesis

Answer 30

GnRH, neurons;
olfactory bulbs;
GnRH

Question 31

kallman’s:
= form of _____ hypogonadism;
patients have ___osomia, micropenis, ____ levels of GnRH, FSH, and LH; ___ levels of testosterone

Answer 31

hypogonadotropic;

anosomia, low, low