Lecture 7 - Psychological Skills 2 Flashcards
How do we define imagery?
Crafting or recreating experiences in the mind using your memory and senses
Hard to define as it is such an inherent part of being a human
What is aphantasia?
Inability to use imagery
Therefore must check a clients baseline levels
How is imagery used in sport?
Forms part of a pre-performance routine
To improve concentration, motivation, confidence, emotional responses, skills, strategy, problem solving and recovery from injury
Mentally rehearsing tasks without physical movements
Create in your mind’s eye
What are the senses used in imagery?
Visuals
Hearing - important for sports with crowds or shots with different sounds
Taste e.g. taste of the mouthguard
Touch - e.g. feel of equipment
Smell
Kinesthetics - sense of physical movement
How effective is imagery?
Simonsmeier (2021) - meta analysis shows that there was a medium overall effect with significant enhance in motor performance, motivation and affective outcomes
Imagery and physical practice better than just physical
More imagery the better
Outline the process of imagery in sport
Where - practice, competition
When - typically before and during practice and comp
Why - motivation and cognitive
What - surroundings, positives or negatives, types, perspective
Why do we perform imagery in sport?
Motivational Specific - Goal orientated responses
Motivational general - Arousal
Cognitive specific - Skills
Cognitive general - Cognitive strategy
What are the imagery theories?
Psychoneuromuscular
Symbolic learning
Bioinformational
What is the psychoneuromuscular?
Proposes that imagery produces similar neuromuscular activity to the actual movement
Imaging the movement uses the same neural pathway
Less intense but still there - ideomotor principle
Suinn (1972,1976)
What is symbolic learning?
Proposes that imagery creates a mental blueprint of the required action
Enables rehearsal of cognitive aspects of a skill e.g. strategy
Mental practice more beneficial for cognitive than motor tasks
Sackett (1934)
What is bioinformational?
Image - a functionally organised set of propositions stored in the brain
Stimulus
Response
Meaning
Lang (1977,1979)
What is PETTLEP?
Physical nature of the task
Environmental specifics
Task type
Timing of the movement
Learning the content of movement
Emotion of the movement
Perspective of the person
Outline the background of goal setting?
Central to performance
Used by all practitioners
Originally came from industrial and organisational settings e.g. truck loading, clerical work, typing
Research demonstrated that goal directed behaviour increases performance
Outline Goal Setting Theory
Locke and Latham (1990)
A goal is an end state or the aim of action - something we work towards
GST proposes that goal setting works because
Directs focus away from irrelevant tasks
Energises our pursuit of work
Influences persistence through difficulty
Discovery of task relevant strategies
What are the 5 important goal characteristics of GST?
- Goal difficulty
- Goal specificity
- Goal proximity
- Goal source
- Goal types
What are SMARTER goals?
Specific - who, what, when, where, why
Measurable - How will you know when its achieved
Actioned - What are you going to do
Resourced - need?
Time based
Evaluate - Success or not?
Reset
What is the review of goal setting theory?
Jeong (2023) Systematic review - found that goal setting was effective in performance enhancement
Focused on performance rather than wellbeing
But small sample size
What is the task vs ego approach?
Achievement goal theory
Influence’s goal setting
Task - Goals about improvement and mastery of skills
Ego - I’m better than everyone else or worse comparisons
What is the difference between performance, process and outcome goals?
Outcome - Result / task focused - Getting a pro contract, winning a match
Performance - details of performance - Increase pass completion
Process - Technique improvements - breathe out before the shot
What is the importance of setting performance, process and outcome goals?
Performance goals instead of outcome goals reduces feelings of anxiety and increase performance - goal doesn’t feel too big, easier to picture
