Lecture 1 - Motivation Flashcards
What is motivation?
The direction and intensity of one’s effort (Sage, 1977)
What are traits?
What makes an individual, their personality, interests and goals
What is state?
The environment e.g. coaching style
What was the initial assumptions of motivation?
Seen as a reward and punishment - carrot and stick framework
Relies on assumption of perfect rationality
Has been supplanted by the bounded rationality perspective e.g. money wont always motivate people
Who established self determination theory and what is its focus?
Deci and Ryan 1985
Extent to which behaviours aren’t controlled by external agents
It assume that humans are growth orientated (seek challenge and learn to master skills)
Outline the 3 basic psychological needs in Self determination theory
Autonomy - People need to feel in control of their behaviours
Competence - People need mastery of skills
Relatedness- People need a sense of belonging to others
If all 3 at the same time then more self determined
What is intrinsic motivation?
Participation in sport that is inherently pleasurable and based enjoyment
What is extrinsic motivation?
Sport involvement is driven by external rewards trophies or salaries
Why do people participate in sport?
No motivation
Rewards
Guilt/ pride
Value
Identified
Interest/ enjoyment
Give the order of behavioural regulation from lowest level of self determination to highest
Amotivation - I don’t see a point in exercise
External regulation - I play sport as others say I should
Introjected reg- I feel guilty when I don’t do sport
Identified reg- The benefits of sport are important to me
Integrated reg - It is a part of me
Intrinsic reg - I enjoy it
Who established Achievement Goal Theory and what is its focus?
Nicholls, 1989
Focus on differences in how individuals evaluate competence and define success and failure
What are dispositional factors? (AGT)
Individual characteristic that influence behaviour and actions in a person
What is task mastery orientation?
Take pride in the progressive improvement of their knowledge and ability relative to their own past performances
Process orientated
High perception of competence
What is ego orientation?
Intent on demonstrating superiority over others
Current ability is important
Outcome orientated
High perception of competence
What are the goal profiles?
High task, low ego - I go to play don’t mind if I lose - low anxiety
High task, high ego - Performing to best ability and learning why you lost
Low task, high ego - Just about winning, anxiety
Low task, low ego - disinterested
What are individual differences in achievement goals?
- Orthogonal - independent combo of high, moderate and low
- A result of socialisation of task or ego
- Adaptive and involve individual goal orientations and situation cues
What if the environment values winning over improvement?
Motivational climate
Mastery climate - focuses on individual improvement
Performance climate - competition, out performing others
What does TARGET stand for?
Tasks
Authority
Recognition
Grouping
Evaluation
Time
Who established Attribution theory and what is its focus?
Weiner 1985/1986
Attributes - causes used to explain outcomes - perceived
Can effect reactions and expectations - influencing future achievement motivation
What are the 4 attributes?
Ability
Effort
Task difficulty
Luck
What are the loci?
Locus of causality - internal (ability and effort) and external (task difficulty and luck)
Locus of Stability - Stable (ability and task difficulty) and unstable (Effort and luck)
What are high achievers?
Attribute success to internal factors
Attribute failures to external factors
Approach behaviour
What are low achievers?
Attribute success to external factors
Attribute success to internal factors
Avoidance behaviour
What is the self serving bias?
Protects self esteem
High achievers take success internalise it and own it, they do not own failures
