Lecture 2 - The Self Flashcards
Define self esteem
Personal judgement of worthiness that reflects the degree to which an individual feels positive about themselves
What is self concept?
What we know about ourselves
Fox and Corbin (1989) - proposed various subdomains such as competence, conditioning, physical strength
Outline athletes with low self esteem
Rely on how they are doing in the present - unstable
Success doesn’t enhance S.E
Attribute negative events internally and are less resilient and less consistent
Failure has a more significant impact on future performances
Anxiety, depression, phobias
Outline athletes with high self esteem
Future performance less affected by failure
Positive self worth regardless of performance
Consistent
Accept and value themselves as worthy without conditions
Independent, leaders, adaptable, resilience to stress
Define self confidence
A belief about our ability to be successful
In sport - Possess about their ability to be successful in sport
What is trait self confidence?
How confident you are in your abilities in general
Stable
What is state self confidence?
How confident you feel right now
Unstable
What does confidence include?
Execute physical skills
Use psychological skills
Use perceptual skills
Learn and improve skills
Confidence in one’s level of physical fitness and training
How does the self confidence of elite athletes differ to amateurs?
Belief in ability to achieve
Belief in one’s superiority over the opposition
What are the benefits of self confidence?
- Arouses positive affect
- Facilitates concentration
- Affects goals
- Increases effort
- Affects game strategies
- Affects psychological momentum
- Affects performance
What is optimal self confidence?
Being so convinced you can achieved your goals you will strive hard to do so
Everyone has an optimal level
What factors are shown by a lack of confidence?
Less effective thinkers
More negative attitude
Tendency to give up more easily
Avoid more challenges and opportunities
More focused on the outcome and consequences
Anxiety, distraction, indecisiveness
What factors are shown by confident athletes?
More effective thinkers
Positive attitude
Persistence in the face of failure
Welcome opportunities and challenges
Focus on mastery of tasks
Relaxed, focused, in control of performances
What is overconfidence?
Shown by an inverted u
When confidence outweighs ability
Inflated confidence - believe they are better than they are, overestimate ability, often competent
False confidence - Confident outside, inside - fear failure, prepare hard but lack competence
How do we deal with overconfidence?
Detrimental for athletes to think all they have to do is show up for a game
Take games seriously
Respect opponents
Hard work, effort, skill, confidence
How does confidence link to success?
True that nothing succeeds like success
However,
Athletes may lose confidence as past success becomes pressure
Focus on weaknesses
Demoralised if achievements don’t make self confidence
What is the self fulfilling prophecy?
Prediction that sets in motion a series of events that ultimately causes the original prediction to become true
Negative - Expect failure leading to failure which self image
Positive - Expecting the desired outcome and performance
What are the misconceptions about self confidence?
- Either you have or you don’t
- Only positive feedback builds confidence
- Success always builds confidence
- Confidence equals outspoken arrogance
- Mistakes inevitably destroy confidence
How do we build self confidence?
Performance accomplishments
Retrospections
Acting confident
Thinking confidently
Using imagery
Goal setting
Preparation
What is Self efficacy?
Perception of one’s ability to perform a task successfully in a specific situation
Behaviour is better predicted by beliefs about one’s capabilities
Assumes the primary mediator of behaviour is self efficacy
What is the difference between self confidence and self efficacy?
Self confidence is general
Self efficacy is situation specific
What are adoption and persistence in behaviour determined by?
- SE expectancy - The expectations about one’s skills and capabilities to engage successfully in the specific target behaviour in particular situations
- Outcome expectancy - Expectations about outcomes
- Outcome value - The value placed on those outcomes
What are the signs of high self efficacy?
Higher goals, more persistence one shows towards reaching them
Attribute failure to insufficient effort whereas low SE attribute to ability
What are the sources of self efficacy?
- Performance Accomplishments
- Vicarious experience
- Verbal persuasion
- Imaginal experience
- Physiological states
- Emotional states
Outline performance accomplishments
Strongest source as it is based on actual experiences
Success raises efficacy expectations
Failures lower efficacy expectations
Outline vicarious experiences
Observing others succeed or fail may influence efficacy - especially for those with little experience
- Social comparison - can be beneficial as we sometimes cannot measure success without a point of reference and promotes exercise to specific groups
Outline verbal persuasion
Influence self efficacy
Encouragement, reinforcement, feedback
Effectiveness relies on how realistic feedback may be
Outline imaginal experience
General beliefs about personal efficacy - imaging behaving effectively / ineffectively
Key using imagery - see oneself demonstrating mastery
Outline physiological states
Condition of the body - heart rate, breathing, sweating, body temperature
Self efficacy related to how one evaluates physiological states
Facilitative - SE is enhanced
Debilitative - lowers SE
Outline emotional stress
Physiological cues important components of emotion
Emotions - additional source of information about SE
