Lecture 7 - Performance Flashcards
How do we become skilled?
Through automatic processing and practice
What is automaticity?
The activation of a sequence of nodes that “nearly always becomes active in response to a particular input configuration/stimuli”
you see a stimuli and the same response is elicited in you , continuous mapping causes automaticity, strengthens the link.
As things become automatic, how does automaticity / automatic processing activate?
Automatically without the need to have control or pay attention by the subject (perhaps the most salient feature of an automatic process)
As things become more automatic we don’t have to think consciously about them
How does automaticity occur?
Through automatic processes
operate thru permanent set of associative connections and require consistent training to fully develop
How can the effects of automatic processing be explained?
Through the tasks of
Stroop Task
Visual Search Task
(Cognitive Tasks)
What is the Stroop Task?
Refers to a delay in reaction times between congruent and incongruent stimuli
(The difference in responding to congruent and incongruent information)
The Stroop Effect has been explained by automatic processing interfering (word reading) with controlled more effortful processing (naming ink colour)
Is word reading an automatic process or controlled process?
Automatic because of extensive practice linking the stimuli with the output
You only see that word reading interferes with colour naming if you also run the right control conditions
Is colour naming an automatic process or a controlled process?
Controlled process
What does the Stroop task show with automaticity?
Automaticity may depend on the task and be context dependent (works for colour - naming task, no effect if task is word-reading)
The interference effect will only work on fluent speakers of that language, no effect w non fluent speakers bc they have to think ab what that language means
Who is known for Feature Integration Theory of Visual search?
Anne Treisman
Said features can be colour, size, luminance, motion direction, orientation etc
What is the Visual Search Task?
Consists of buttons normally (some are shaded to look 3D and some flat 2D)
We automatically detect depth (visual depth perception is innate) so automaticity to detect depth in 3D shapes
Demonstrates the “pop out” phenomena
How is the pop out effect affected by the number of distractors on finding the odd one out?
The pop out effect is consistent no matter the number of distractors presented in the array. However in 2D there is no depth perception so number of distractors increases time to find the odd one out
Automaticity helps w parallel search processing info quickly at the same time? 3d helps this
In 2d serial search helps
What is the serial search?
The controlled search - effortful (takes up working memory, slow, adaptable (applies to novel tasks)
Serial search can become parallel with practice
What is the parallel search?
Automatic search -
Easy & quick ( no resource demands), learn over extensive practice (if it isnt innate property of visual system, like depth)
What is required to make a complex figure pop out in the visual search task or for word reading to be automatic in the Stroop task
EXTENSIVE AND CONSISTENT PRACTICE (mapping the same things, have the same distractors between stimuli and response)
Attention during practice
IMPROVEMENT ___ BUT DOES NOT __
SLOWS , STOP
What is the theory of deliberate practice?
Erikson said talking ab practice is way too simplistic
Theory of deliberate practice involves:
Effortful, extensive practice
Breaks skill into components
Focus on reducing errors
Use of targets (which evolve as skill increases) to help increase ur skill
Individually tailored training (ie coaching)
What is Especial skills? (overlearning)
Practicing for one specific goal in your skill, dont master the actual skill but master doing one thing in that
What is an action slip?
When a habitual action (automatic) intrudes when performing another task
eg you say fine thanks when someone says hi
throw spoon in bin
When do action slips occur?
When tasks are novel (new)
Mismatch between practiced skill and environment
Attentional lapse or overload (tired/stressed)
When automatic processing hinders performance
