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Neurobio II - Exam 1 > Lecture 7 Motor control paraloops - Part I > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Motor control paraloops - Part I Flashcards

1
Q

How to differentiate an alcoholic from a patient with Parkinson’s disease?

A

PD patients present unique tremor pill-rolling tremor: pill-rolling tremor

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2
Q

Where does the ventral anterior nucleus project?

A

to SMA and other part of the frontal lobe

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3
Q

What are the two parts of the ventral lateral nucleus?

A

oral and caudal part

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4
Q

What is the oral part of the ventral lateral nuccleus?

A

mainly from basal nuclei/cerebrocerebellum to PM

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5
Q

What does the PM define?

A

how much force needed for activities

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6
Q

What is the caudal part of the ventral lateral nucleus from?

A

mainly from spinocerebellum to M1

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7
Q

What does the caudal part of the VL control through M1?

A

producing how much force needed

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8
Q

What level of motor control structures does M1 project to?

A

Level 3

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9
Q

Where does the VPL project?

A

sensory from body parts to S1

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10
Q

What are the 6 deep clusters in the basal nuclei system?

A

caudate
nucleus accumbens (ACC)
putamen
globus pallidus
subthalaic nucleus
substantia nigra

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11
Q

What are the basal nuclei in the telencephalon?

A
  • caudate
  • nucleus accumbens
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus (GPi and GPe)
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12
Q

What basal nuclei are part of the striatum?

A

caudate, nucleus accumbens, putamen

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13
Q

What basal nuclei are part of the lentiform?

A

Putamen, globus pallidus (internal and external segment)

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14
Q

Why cant you see the ACC on the many sections of the brain?

A

more anterior

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15
Q

What basal nuclei is in the diencephalon?

A

subthalamic nucleus

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16
Q

What basal nuclei are in the mesencephalon/midbrain?

A

Substantia nigra

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17
Q

What are the 2 parts of the substantia nigra?

A
  • pars compacta: posterior, SNpc
  • pars reticulata: anterior, SNpr
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18
Q

What does SNpr secrete?

A

dopamine

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19
Q

What does SNpr control?

A

eye movement, outside layer

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20
Q

What are the 3 areas of brain functions?

A
  • cognition
  • emotion
  • psychomotor
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21
Q

What are the two divisions of psychomotor brain functoin?

A
  • body movement
  • eye movement
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22
Q

What is body movement mediated by?

A

putamen

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23
Q

What is the oculomotor/eye movements mediated by?

A

caudate (body)

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24
Q

What is cognition mediated by?

A

anterior caudate

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25
WHat is emotion mediated by ?
ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens)
26
Look at the ABCD, 1,2,3,4,5 motor control slide
its confusing
27
What are the central neurons of basal nuclei?
medium spiny neuron
28
Where are medium spiny neurons mainly?
in the striatum of basal nuclei
29
To which deep cerebellar nuclei do the functional components of the cerebellum project?
- fastigial nucleus: vermal spinocerebellum, nodulus - interposed nucleus: intermediate spinocerebellum - dentate nucleus: cerebrocerebellum - lateral vestibular nucleus: flocculus
30
What does transiently active mean?
- only with upper-level signals coded will it activate and then release neurotransmitters interacting with lower-level basal nuclei
31
What is tonically active?
always active
32
What is the direct pathway?
- cerebral cortex to putamen - putamen to globus pallidus internal segment (GPi) - GPi to VA/VL thalamic nuclei - VA/VL to cerebral cortex
33
What level does the direct pathway go back to?
level 3 motor control (PM and M1)
34
What is the total function of the direct pathway?
- phasic/transient activation of the cerebral cortex - initiating/increasing activities
35
What kind of loop is open loop?
SMA to PM to M1
36
What is closed loop?
PM directly
37
What are the neurotransmitters for the direct pathway?
glutamate vs. GABA
38
What is the overall result of the direct pathway?
increase in activity Glutamate x GABA x GABA x glutamate = +1
39
What is the course of the indirect pathway?
- cerebral cortex to the putamen - putamen to globus pallidus external segment (GPe) - GPe to subthalamic nuclei - GPi to VA/VL - VA/VL 5o cerebral cortex
40
What is the total function of the indirect pathway?
- tonically inhibition of cerebral cortex - ending/inhibiting activities
41
What are the neurotransmitters in the indirect pathwaY?
glutamate vs GABA
42
What is parallel processing?
spatial processing
43
What happens in the direct pathway parallel processing?
activating "wanted" programs, phasic
44
What happens in the indirect pathway parallel processing?
inhibiting competing "unwanted" programs, tonic
45
What should be know about direct vs indirect pathways?
Quiet vs Noisy environment - quiet: dont need to yell - noisy: voice must be raised to be heard
46
Which brain structures project to the oral and caudal part of the VL and then will they further project to the level 3 motor control structures?
- VL: oral part: basal nuclei and cerebrocerebellum, projecting to PM - VL caudal part: spinocerebellum, projecting to the M1
47
What does the substantia niagra pars compacta produce?
dopaminergic neurons (produce dopamine as neurotransmitter)
48
How does the nigrostratal pathway activate the direct pathway?
medium spiny neurons with D1 receptors for dopamine
49
What happens if the nigrostriatal pathway to activating the direct pathway is enhanced?
initating/increasing activities
50
How does the nigrostratal pathway inhibit the indirect pathway?
medium spiny neurons with D2 receptors for dopamine
51
What happens when the nigrostratal pathway inhibits the indirect pathway?
- cant end/increase unwanted activities - lubricant for temporospatial processing
52
What are the types of pathways among the basal nuclei loop below the caudate/putamen?
tonic (inhibitory!)
53
What is the pathophysiology of parkinsons disease?
death of dopaminergic neuron in SNpc
54
In what order of sides does the death of domainergic neurons happen with PKD?
unilateral first, then both
55
What is the effect of PKD on the direct pathway?
decreased excitatory effects
56
What is the effect of PKD on the indirect pathway?
decreased inhibitory effects
57
What is the TOTAL effect of PKD?
difficulty in initiating "wanted" activities
58
What are some motor impairments with PKD?
- bradikinesia * - hypersalivation - postural impalance * - trembor - muscular rigidity * - walking difficulties * - freezing of movement * * = wanted inhibited no * = unwanted increased
59
PKD you lose inhibition of what kind of movements?
Vm
60
What are some non cognitive signs and symptoms of PKD?
- cognitive impairments - sleeping disorders - mood disturbances - GI issues - sweat and olfactory disorders - anxiety and depression - pain
61
What can physical therapy help with PKD?
- balance, gait, etc
62
What are some medical treatments for PKD?
L-dopa - crossing BBB
63
What are surgical management techniques with PKD?
- pallidotomy/ GPi removal (unexpectedly effective, but causes other issues) - DBS deep brain stimulation - subthalamic electrode placement
64
How do we get more effective "wanted" motor functions with PKD?
combination of treatments : meds, PT, and possible sx
65
What stage of PKD can we use deep brain stimulation?
late stage
66
Where are electrodes places with DBS?
to modulate the indirect pathway - GPi, subthalamic nucleus/ parafascicular nucleus
67
Is placement of DBS bilateral or unilateral?
bilateral
68
Why is DBS effective?
with unknown mechanisms, contradictory to the functions of those nuclei
69
Which neurotransmitter does pyramidal cells from the cerebral cortex release?
glutamate
70
Which neurotransmitter does medium spiny neurons release?
GABA
71
Which neurotransmitter does globus pallidus release?
GABA
72
Which neurotransmitter does does subthalamic nucleus release?
glutamate
73
Which neurotransmitter does ventral anterior thalamic nucleus release?
glutamate
74
Which neurotransmitter does ventral lateral thalamic nucleus release?
glutamate
75
What is the mechanism of PKD?
substantia nigra - SNpc neurons dying, loss of dopamine pathways to modulate basal nuclei functions

Neurobio II - Exam 1 (10 decks)

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