Lecture 5 Cerebellum - Part I Flashcards by Jessica Chambers

How does the cerebellum connect to the brainstem?

3 cerebellar peduncles
1. superior cerebellar peduncle
2. middle cerebellar peduncle
3. Inferior cerebellar peduncle

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What are the three lobes of the cerebellum?

anterior lobe, posterior lobe and the flocculonodular lobe

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What are the fissures of the cerebellum and where are they?

primary fissure (between anterior and posterior lobe)
Posterolateral fissure (between posterior and flocculonodular lobe)

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What are the components of the posterior lobe?

tonsils (2) and uvula

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What lobule is the flocculonodular lobe?

Lobule IX

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How many lobules are there in the cerebellum?

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What is a chiari malformation?

herniation of uvula and tonsil of lobule IX

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How many types of chiari malformations are there?

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What happens as the type of chiari malformations increase?

Increase in severity and decrease in prevalence

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What is a type 1 Chiari Malformation?

Herniation of uvula and tonsil through foramen magnum

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What is a type 2 chiari malformation?

Herniation with myelomeningocele: Arnold-Chiari Malformation

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What is type 3 Chiari Malformation?

Herniation of uvula and tonsil plus medulla, encephalocele

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What is type 2 Chiari Malformation also known as?

Spina Bifida

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What is type 4 Chiari Malformation?

Cerebellar hypoplasia

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What are the three functional divisions of the cerebellum?

spinocerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum
Vestibulocerebelllum

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What is the middle of the vestibulocerebellum called?

Nodulus

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What is the outside of the vestibulocerebellum called?

Flocculus

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What do the Nodulus and Flocculus of the vestibulocerebellum combine to form?

Lobule X

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What is the vermis?

A part of the spinocerebellum, controls posture and proximal extremities

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What does the spinocerebellum do?

Controls the spinal cord

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What does the cerebrocerebellum do?

integrative functions, cross talk to cerebrum

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Is the flocculonodular lobe considered in the 3 longitudinal divisions?

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What is redundant presentation of the cerebellum?

Ipsilateral control of our body

(remember cerebrum is contralateral)

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What is a fragmental presentation of the cerebellum?

Not uniform, if there’s a stroke in the cerebellar cortex, it has the potential to be not very obvious or noticeable in terms of functional problems

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A patient demonstrates right foot drop during walking. Which muscle and nerve need to be screened for the diagnosis?

Tibialis anterior - Deep fibular nerve

What is the fastigial nucleus?

in the vermis, for balance and equilibrium, projects from Purkinje cells

What is the interposed nucleus?

in the medial hemisphere, extremity gross movement, projects to intermediate zone of spinocerebellar tract

How many interposed nucleus are there?

What is the dentate nucleus?

integrative functions, cerebrocerebellum projects to here

What do the cerebellar nuclei do?

Major output from the cerebellum

What happens if cerebellar nuclei are injured?

POOR RECOVERY - prominent functional loss, hard/bad recovery bc neurons cant regenerate in cerebellum

Where is the medial hemisphere>

In the intermediate zone

What is indirect projection?

* nodulus to fastigial nuclei * then to medial vestibular nuclei -> medial vestibulospinal tract

What does the medial vestibulospinal tract do?

Controls descending motor control tracts, ends in UE controls head and posture

What is direct projection?

* flocculus to lateral vestibular nuclei (eye movement by MLF) -> Lateral vestibulospinal tract

What is the afferent component of the Inferior cerebellar peduncle?

primarily to the spinocerebellum * contralateral inferior olivary nucleus * Ipsilateral Posterior spinocerebellar tract

What are the efferent components of the inferior cerebellar peduncle going?

to contralateral inferior olive

What are the afferent components of the middle cerebellar peduncle going?

Primarily to the cerebrocerebellum * contralateral pontine nucleus

What does the contralateral pontine nucleus do?

Mediate cerebral cortex functions

What are the afferent components of the superior cerebellar peduncle going?

- Bilateral anterior spinocerebellar tract (motor info) - All brain structures except cerebral cortex

Where are the efferent components of the superior cerebellar peduncle going?

they decussate in the midbrain, project to thalamus

What does efferent SCP do?

Major output from the cerebellum

What is the only CN that originates posterior to the brainstem?

CN IV - trochlear

What parts of the cerebellum does the SCA supply?

Anterior lobe and superior part of posterior lobe, most part of the cerebellar nuclei *most important*

What parts of the cerebellum does the AICA supply?

Middle/inferior of posterior lobe, flocculonodular lobe, part nuclei, central and peripheral

Loss of balance can be due to lack of blood supply from which artery?

AICA

What parts of the cerebellum does the PICA supply?

Inferior posterior lobe

What happens with recovery chances with a stroke in the cerebellar cortex?

High potential for recovery - redundant presentation

What happens with recovery chances after a stroke in the nuclei of the cerebellum?

poor potential of recovery

Which artery has the most nuclei?

SCA

What artery supplies both CN VIII and cerebellum, central and peripheral?

AICA

Why do alcoholics have poor balance?

Cerebellar functions are compromised

What are the 3 structural lobes in the transverse plane of the cerebellum?

- anterior - posterior - flocculonodular

What are the 3 functional lobes in the sagittal plane of the cerebellum?

Spinocerebellum, cerebrocerebellum, vestibulocerebellum

How many peduncles does the cerebellum connect to the brainstem?

3 - MCP - ICP - SCP

What are folium in cerebellar neuroanatomy

"leaves" most outer part

What are folia in cerebellar neuroanatomy?

Bunches of folium, "bunches of leaves"

What are lobules?

Separated by deep sulci, specifically in the cerebellum

What is arbor vitae?

Tree of life

What are the interneurons in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex?

- SC: stellate cells - BC: Basket cells

What is the 1st layer of the cerebellar cortex?

Molecular Layer

What do stellate cells synapse with?

Form synapse with dendritic trees from Purkinje cells

What do basket cells synapse with?

the cell body of purkinje cells/ soma like a basket

What is the 2nd layer of the cerebellar cortex?

Purkinje cell layer

What kind of neuron is a Purkinje cell?

Central neuron

What plane are dendritic trees in the purkinje cell layer?

Sagittal

What is the only interneuron in the purkinje cell layer of the cerebellar cortex?

1 - Purkinje cell

What is the 3rd layer of the cerebellar cortex?

Granular Layer

What are the interneurons in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex?

- GoC: Golgi cells - GrC: Granule cells

What are Golgi cells?

modulates functions of granular cells, inhibits functions - NOT directly on purkinje cell

What is a granule cell?

axons ascend to the molecular layer: Parallel fibers (PF) - coronal plane - synapse with Purkinje dendritic tree - unmyelinated - Most abundant neurons in the cerebellum

What are the 2 types of neurotransmitters in cerebellar neurons?

1. GABA: inhibitory 2. Glutamate or aspartate: excitatory

What uses GABA in the cerebellar cortex?

- Stellate cells - Basket cells - Purkinje cells - Golgi cell

What is the only efferent neuron of the cerebellar cortex?

Purkinje Cells

What utilizes Glutamate or aspartate in the cerebral cortex?

- Unipolar Brush cell (vestibulocerebellum) - granule cell

Where are UBC found only?

Vestibulocerebellum (unipolar brush cells)

What do all other neurons that dont use GABA or Glutamate do?

modulate Purkinje cell function

What do biomarkers do?

differentiate Purkinje cells into different types

How are all dendritic trees aligned? Why?

All dendritic trees aligned in sagittal plane, matching functional divisions

What are the three cerebellar nuclei?

- fastigial nucleus, interposed nucleus, dentate nucleus

What are the three cortical layers of the cerebellum?

- molecular layer - purkinje layer - granular layer

What are the 3 arteries supplying the cerebellum?

- SCA, AICA, PICA

Which cells are in the different layers of the cerebellar cortex and which neurotransmitters do they release?

- molecular layer: 2 neurons: stellate cells and basket cells, use GABA as neurotransmitter - Purkinje layer: 1 cell: purkinje cells use GABA - Granular layer: Granular cells use Glutamate/Aspartate, Golgi cells use GABA

Who is so so so smart?

You