Lecture 7- Learning And Memory

Question 1

What’s declarative memory

Answer 1

Facts and events

Question 2

What’s nondeclarative memory

Answer 2

Muscle memory, classical conditioning

Question 3

Cells that fire together

Answer 3

Wire together

Question 4

Sensory inputs from stimuli processed and converge on a cell in the

Answer 4

Hippocampus, converge on the hippocampus

Question 5

What is EPSP

Answer 5

Excitatory PostSynaptic Potential

Question 6

What is long term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 6

Mechanism underlying synaptic strengthening

Question 7

One high frequency electrical stimulation in the dentate gyrus causes

Answer 7

Long term potentiation to last hours, multiple lasts days

Question 8

High frequency electrical stimulation permanently changes

Answer 8

The properties of the dentate gyrus

Question 9

Strong stimulation of synapse results in

Answer 9

Long term potentiation of pathway even when frequency is lower

Question 10

Properties of Long term potentiation

Answer 10

• Temporal, (repetitive stimulation)
• Input specific, (one synapse not adjacent)
• Associative, (spatial summation, coincidence detection)

Question 11

Morris water maze with hippocampus leisons

Answer 11

• Spatial learning task
• Will begin to remember where escape platform is
• Rats with hippocampus leisoned doesn’t remember platform location

Question 12

Morris water maze with NMDA antagonists

Answer 12

• Control found platform quicker each trial

- NMDA antagonist didn’t remember platform, no evidence of LTP

Question 13

What receptors are essential in LTP

Answer 13

NMDA

Question 14

Ca2+ entry through NMDA receptor leads to

Answer 14

Activation of CaMKII

Question 15

What does CaMKII do

Answer 15

• Phosphorylates existing AMPA receptors increasing their effectiveness
• Stimulates the insertion of new AMPA receptors into the membrane
• Larger EPSPs, LTP

Question 16

CaMKII is known as a

Answer 16

Molecular switch

Question 17

CaMKII is autocatalytic meaning

Answer 17

It phosphorylates its self

Question 18

When phosphorylated is constitutively activated it

Answer 18

No longer requires Ca2+

Question 19

Post synaptic neuron can feed back to presynaptic neuron by

Answer 19

Retrograde neurotransmission- Nitric Oxide, NO

Question 20

Ca2+ through the NMDA channel activates

Answer 20

Nitric Oxide synthase

Question 21

NO diffuses from site of production and activated

Answer 21

Guanylyl cyclase in the presynaptic terminal

Question 22

Guanylyl cyclase produces

Answer 22

The second messenger of cGMP which leads to increased glutamate release from the synaptic bouton

Question 23

Activating NMDA receptors triggers the events that

Answer 23

Strengthen both the post synaptic and pre synaptic terminals of a synapse

Question 24

Protein synthesis required for

Answer 24

Long lasting LTP

Question 25

Protein synthesis inhibitors prevent

Answer 25

The consolidation of long term memories and LTP

Question 26

Stages of memory formation

Answer 26

- Acquisition - Consolation - Recall

Question 27

If a protein synthesis inhibitor is injected just after acquisition it inhibits

Answer 27

Recall

Question 28

What is CREB activated by

Answer 28

- Phosphorylation | - Phosphorylated by kinases (eg CaMKII)

Question 29

Tetanic stimulation is followed by

Answer 29

Development of new synaptic connections

Question 30

LTP is created in

Answer 30

Slice preparations by High frequency stimulation

Question 31

Low frequency stimulation can cause

Answer 31

Opposite effects of LTP, rather than increase in EPSP amplitude on further stimulation it’s a decrease

Question 32

Low frequency stimulation has different or the same process as high frequency stimulation

Answer 32

Same just small amounts of calcium which activates phosphatase, taking off phosphate groups (opposite to kinases)

Question 33

A decrease after low frequency stimulation results in a

Answer 33

Decrease in depression in the resting membrane state (Long term depression LTD)

Question 34

What’s phosphorylation

Answer 34

A chemical modification to a protein, adding a chemical onto it

Question 35

Hippocampal theta activity seems to play a role in

Answer 35

Synchronising activity in different brain regions

Question 36

Hippocampal theta activity accompanies behaviours such as

Answer 36

Running, swimming, spatially orientated responses

Question 37

Hippocampal theta rhythms involved in

Answer 37

Arousal, alertnes

Question 38

Depolarising stimulation coincident with peak of theta wave generates

Answer 38

LTP

Question 39

Depolarising stimulation coincident with trough of theta wave generates

Answer 39

LTD

Question 40

Disruption in theta waves causes

Answer 40

Deficits in learning tasks that are similar to hippocampal lesions

Question 41

A way of enhancing memory is done through

Answer 41

Genetically increasing NMDA receptors

Question 42

How does age affect memory

Answer 42

- Decreased acquisition in Morris water maze - Decreased LTP - Decreased expression of the NMDA receptors

Question 43

What effect does enrichment have on memory

Answer 43

- Enhanced acquisition in Morris water maze | - Potentiated LTP

Question 44

Aged mice in impoverished environments show

Answer 44

Greater deficits than those in normal or enriched environments

Question 45

Strong stimulus of one neuron with weak stimulus of another neurone results in

Answer 45

Both Strengthened stimulation and increase LTP