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Brain And Behaviour > Lecture 7- Learning And Memory > Flashcards

Lecture 7- Learning And Memory Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

What’s declarative memory

A

Facts and events

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2
Q

What’s nondeclarative memory

A

Muscle memory, classical conditioning

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3
Q

Cells that fire together

A

Wire together

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4
Q

Sensory inputs from stimuli processed and converge on a cell in the

A

Hippocampus, converge on the hippocampus

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5
Q

What is EPSP

A

Excitatory PostSynaptic Potential

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6
Q

What is long term potentiation (LTP)

A

Mechanism underlying synaptic strengthening

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7
Q

One high frequency electrical stimulation in the dentate gyrus causes

A

Long term potentiation to last hours, multiple lasts days

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8
Q

High frequency electrical stimulation permanently changes

A

The properties of the dentate gyrus

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9
Q

Strong stimulation of synapse results in

A

Long term potentiation of pathway even when frequency is lower

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10
Q

Properties of Long term potentiation

A
  • Temporal, (repetitive stimulation)
  • Input specific, (one synapse not adjacent)
  • Associative, (spatial summation, coincidence detection)
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11
Q

Morris water maze with hippocampus leisons

A
  • Spatial learning task
  • Will begin to remember where escape platform is
  • Rats with hippocampus leisoned doesn’t remember platform location
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12
Q

Morris water maze with NMDA antagonists

A
  • Control found platform quicker each trial

- NMDA antagonist didn’t remember platform, no evidence of LTP

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13
Q

What receptors are essential in LTP

A

NMDA

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14
Q

Ca2+ entry through NMDA receptor leads to

A

Activation of CaMKII

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15
Q

What does CaMKII do

A
  • Phosphorylates existing AMPA receptors increasing their effectiveness
  • Stimulates the insertion of new AMPA receptors into the membrane
  • Larger EPSPs, LTP
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16
Q

CaMKII is known as a

A

Molecular switch

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17
Q

CaMKII is autocatalytic meaning

A

It phosphorylates its self

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18
Q

When phosphorylated is constitutively activated it

A

No longer requires Ca2+

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19
Q

Post synaptic neuron can feed back to presynaptic neuron by

A

Retrograde neurotransmission- Nitric Oxide, NO

20
Q

Ca2+ through the NMDA channel activates

A

Nitric Oxide synthase

21
Q

NO diffuses from site of production and activated

A

Guanylyl cyclase in the presynaptic terminal

22
Q

Guanylyl cyclase produces

A

The second messenger of cGMP which leads to increased glutamate release from the synaptic bouton

23
Q

Activating NMDA receptors triggers the events that

A

Strengthen both the post synaptic and pre synaptic terminals of a synapse

24
Q

Protein synthesis required for

A

Long lasting LTP

25
Q

Protein synthesis inhibitors prevent

A

The consolidation of long term memories and LTP

26
Q

Stages of memory formation

A
  • Acquisition
  • Consolation
  • Recall
27
Q

If a protein synthesis inhibitor is injected just after acquisition it inhibits

A

Recall

28
Q

What is CREB activated by

A
  • Phosphorylation

- Phosphorylated by kinases (eg CaMKII)

29
Q

Tetanic stimulation is followed by

A

Development of new synaptic connections

30
Q

LTP is created in

A

Slice preparations by High frequency stimulation

31
Q

Low frequency stimulation can cause

A

Opposite effects of LTP, rather than increase in EPSP amplitude on further stimulation it’s a decrease

32
Q

Low frequency stimulation has different or the same process as high frequency stimulation

A

Same just small amounts of calcium which activates phosphatase, taking off phosphate groups (opposite to kinases)

33
Q

A decrease after low frequency stimulation results in a

A

Decrease in depression in the resting membrane state (Long term depression LTD)

34
Q

What’s phosphorylation

A

A chemical modification to a protein, adding a chemical onto it

35
Q

Hippocampal theta activity seems to play a role in

A

Synchronising activity in different brain regions

36
Q

Hippocampal theta activity accompanies behaviours such as

A

Running, swimming, spatially orientated responses

37
Q

Hippocampal theta rhythms involved in

A

Arousal, alertnes

38
Q

Depolarising stimulation coincident with peak of theta wave generates

A

LTP

39
Q

Depolarising stimulation coincident with trough of theta wave generates

A

LTD

40
Q

Disruption in theta waves causes

A

Deficits in learning tasks that are similar to hippocampal lesions

41
Q

A way of enhancing memory is done through

A

Genetically increasing NMDA receptors

42
Q

How does age affect memory

A
  • Decreased acquisition in Morris water maze
  • Decreased LTP
  • Decreased expression of the NMDA receptors
43
Q

What effect does enrichment have on memory

A
  • Enhanced acquisition in Morris water maze

- Potentiated LTP

44
Q

Aged mice in impoverished environments show

A

Greater deficits than those in normal or enriched environments

45
Q

Strong stimulus of one neuron with weak stimulus of another neurone results in

A

Both Strengthened stimulation and increase LTP

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